【作者】 侯杰泰； Herbert.W.Marsh； 孙晓燕； 常建芳；

【Author】 Kit-TaiHau~1 Herbert W.Marsh~2 Sun Xiaoyan~1 Chang Jianfang~1 1 Department of Educational Psychology,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,shatin,N.T.,Hong Kong SAR 2 Herbert Marsh Department of Education,Oxford University,

【机构】 香港中文大学教育心理系； 英国牛津大学教育系；

【摘要】 我们明白大部份心理概念或者态度不能只用单一题目去测量。例如"学业自信"问卷可能包括数道题目:"我学习能力很高,""我不能解决困难的课堂作业问题,""我学业优异,""我害怕艰深的功课。"假设上述问题是以5点量表(1:十分不同意;5:十分同意)量度,在计算学生自信时,我们习惯将反向题目(上述2、4题)得答案逆转(5改为1,1改为5等),再计算各题的平均分(或因子分)。究竟当学生同意一些"反向"的题目,是否表示他们对"正向"的题目持相反(不同意)的态度?从结构方程的角度来看,假设我们共有5道正向,5道反向题目,那么这10题应构成单一因子,还是形成两个各有5题的因子?本研究利用大型跨国学业成绩比较TIMSS2007的数据(59个国家),分析自信、兴趣题目的结构,并比较高低年级(小四及初中二)的在这些题目的答案差异。分析结果显示:反向题目确实自成一个负向方法因子,尤其是对低年级的学生来说,这个负向方法因子与学生的能力关系显着。研究显示,用"不"或与主要概念相反的词句,对回答者可能产生一些含混或复杂的心理反应,有必要使用时,应小心分析处理。更多还原

【Abstract】 We understand most psychological constructs or attitude cannot be assessed accurately using single items.Thus,for example,a measure of "academic self-concept" may contain items such as "I am good in studying,"I cannot solve difficult classroom exercises," "I am academically outstanding," and "I am afraid of difficult homework." Assume the above items are measured in 5-point scale(1 = strongly disagree,5 = strongly agree).We usually reversed the responses(5 becomes 1,1 becomes 5) of the negatively worded items(Items 2,4 above) and compute their average(or factor scores).Does students’ agreement to the negatively worded items mean their disagreement to the positively worded items?In the framework of structural equation modeling, assume we have 5 positive and 5 negative items.Will these 10 items form a single factor,or will they each form a 5-item factor? In this study,we examined the large scale international TIMSS 2007 data of 59 countries.The structure of and differences between Junior(Grade 4) and Senior(Grade 8) students’ self-esteem and interest were analyzed.Results showed that negatively worded items did form a negative method effect factor.Particularly for younger students,this negative method(wording) factor was significantly related to their ability.This suggested that in the use of "NOT" or concepts in the reversed direction to the dominating constructs, respondents might have confusion and certain psychological reaction.If the use of these negative items is totally necessary,they should be handled and analyzed with the greatest care.更多还原