【作者】 周春火； 潘晓华； 吴建富；

【Author】 Zhou Chun-huo~(1,2),Pan Xiao-hua~(2*),Wu Jian-fu~(1,2) (1.college of land Resources and Environment Jiangxi Agriculture University,Nan Chang 330045,China; 2.College of Agronomy,Jiangxi Agriculture University,Key Laboratory of Crop physiology,Ecology and Genetic Breeding of Jiangxi Province,Nan Chang 330045,China)

【机构】 江西农业大学国土资源与环境学院； 江西农业大学农学院,江西省作物生理生态与遗传育种重点实验室；

【摘要】 于2009年-2011年在双季稻田研究了不同复种方式(紫云英+双季稻ZDD,油菜+双季稻YDD,冬闲+双季稻XDD)对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:1)无论是早稻还是晚稻,紫云英+双季稻处理产量最高,处理间差异主要是因为有效穗不同。年份间相同处理产量差异较大,可能是两年温度相差较大所致。两年四季的平均产量经方差分析差异显著。2)两年试验结果显示早晚稻每公顷有效穗ZDD>YDD>XDD,且早稻差异达显著水平,相同处理每穗粒数晚稻显著高于早稻,而处理间相差不是很大;相同处理千粒重早稻显著高于晚稻,而处理间相差较小,,。3)无论是早稻还是晚稻,移栽后10天不同复种方式的茎蘖数差异不大,从第11天开始,ZDD处理分蘖速度加快,茎蘖数高于其他处理,分蘖到达高峰期的时间ZDD较慢,主要是因为紫云英翻耕腐解后对水稻吸收养分有利且分蘖后期养分供应充足;早稻和晚稻有所不同,不论是哪种复种方式晚稻的分蘖速度明显比早稻快,可能是因为晚稻分蘖时期温度高,土壤供应养分能力强的原因。4)不同处理早、晚稻成熟期根系试验结果表明:整个生育时期,水稻根系干重总量呈现ZDD>YDD>XDD,说明与对照相比,紫云英翻耕、油菜种植有利于根系的生长。根系在土壤层次0-5cm、5-10cm、10-20cm的分布,不同复种方式之间差异均达到显著水平。水稻根系在0-5cm和5-10cm分布较多,占根系总量的90%以上,但10-20cm根系较少,与前两者差异较大。年度间水稻根系在各层次的分配规律相近,但总干重2011年均高于2010年,可能与2011年气温相对偏高有关。5)不同复种方式对土壤有机质含量有较大影响,与试验前相比,ZDD处理种植1季后开始增加,YDD处理从种植2季后开始增加,而XDD处理含量降低,经过2年4季水稻种植,三种复种方式中ZDD增加0.1g/kg,YDD增加0.02g/kg;而XDD处理减少0.03k/kg,且ZDD、YDD和XDD差异达显著水平。6)结果说明紫云英翻耕、油菜种植有利于土壤有机质和全氮的积累,XDD土壤有机质和全氮含量变化不大,可能与稻草还田有关。7)不同复种方式对土壤微生物有一定的影响,无论是哪种复种方式0-5cm土层的三种微生物数量均高于5-10、10-20cm土层,三种土壤微生物中,细菌的数量最大,真菌最少,三种复种方式细菌数量HDD>YDD>XDD,真菌数量量YDD>ZDD>XDD,而放线菌为XDD>ZDD>YDD。5-10cm、10-20cm三个复种方式土层细菌量差异显著;真菌0-5cm土层以YDD最高,其次为ZDD,三者之间差异显著,5-10、10-20cm土层YDD、ZDD与XDD差异显著,5-10cm土层YDD最低,10-20cm土层ZDD最高。种植两年(4季)后土壤微生物的数量较前一年增加,各处理间规律与前一年基本相同,随着复种时间的延长,生物总量均有增加,这可能与稻草还田有关,也说明翻压紫云英对细菌数量增加有利,油菜种植对真菌数量有积极作用更多还原

【Abstract】 This study investigated effects of the different cropping patterns(Chinese milk vetch + double cropping of rice ZDD,rapeseed + double cropping of rice YDD,fallow + double cropping of rice XDD) on rice yield and soil fertility from 2009 to 2011.1) No matter it was early rice or late rice,the treatment of milk vetch + double cropping of rice had the highest yield,and the difference of yield between the treatments was mainly because of the different effective spikes.Great difference of yield between years under the same treatments might be caused by the larger different temperature of two years.The average yield of the four season in two years were significantly different by analysis of variance.2)The two-year trial results showed that early or late rice of effective spikes per hectare followed the order that ZDD>YDD>XDD,and the difference of effective spikes of early rice had significant level,and under the same treatments the grain amount per spike of late rice was significantly higher than that early rice,but the difference of effective spikes between the treatments was not large.Under the same treatments thousand grain weight of early rice was significantly higher than that late rice,the difference of that between the treatments was smaller,the filled grain percentage had no significant difference between the treatments and in rice growth season.3)Whether it is early rice or late rice after transplanted,in 10 days different cropping patterns of the tiller numbers was insignificant,from 11th day,in the ZDD treatment tiller was speed up, and the tiller numbers was higher than that other treatments,but tillers reaching the peak period was slower, mainly because the Chinese milk vetch after plowed and the decomposed products was helpful to absorb nutrients for rice and the tiller of late nutrient supply was adequate;The early and late rice was different, regardless of in which cropping patterns late rice tillering speed was significantly faster than that the early rice,might be the reason that late rice tillering period had high temperature and soil had strong ability to supply nutrients.4) Different treatments of early and late rice mature period roots trial results showed that in the entire growth period roots total dry weight presented the order that ZDD>YDD>XDD,showing that compared with the control,plowing milk vetch and rapeseed planting was conducive to roots growth.The difference of roots distributed in 0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm soil layer between the different cropping patterns all reached a significant level.Rice Roots distributed more in the 0-5cm and 5-10cm soil layer,accounting for more than 90 percent of the total roots.But compared with the former two,in 10-20cm soil layer roots distributed less.The distribution law of rice roots between years at all layers was similar.But the total dry weight of 2011 year were all higher than that in 2010 year,might be related to relatively high temperature of 2011 year.5)Different cropping patterns had a greater impact on content of soil organic matter, compared with before the test,under the ZDD treatment after planted a season the content of soil organic matter began to increase,that under the YDD treatment began to increase from two season of planting, while that under the XDD treatment decreased,After two years four season of rice cultivation,under three cropping patterns,under the ZDD treatment the content of soil organic matter increased 0.1g/kg,that under the YDD treatment increased 0.02g/kg,that under the XDD treatment reduced 0.03g/kg,and the difference of the content of soil organic matter between ZDD,YDD and XDD treatments reached to a significant level.6) Soil total nitrogen all increased under three Cropping Patterns after two years four season planting.The margin increase of ZDD,YDD and XDD treatments were respectively 6.52%,2.17%,0.72%, and the difference of soil total nitrogen between ZDD,YDD and XDD treatments reached a significant level.Results indicated that the plowing of Chinese milk vetch,rapeseed planting was conducive to soil organic matter accumulation and total nitrogen,the XDD treatment of soil organic matter and total nitrogen content changed little,might be related to rice straw returning.7)Different cropping patterns had a certain impact on soil microbes.Three kinds of soil microbes amounts in which Cropping Patterns in 0-5cm soil layer were higher than that in 5-10,10-20 cm soil layer.In three kinds of soil microbes,the amount of soil bacteria was the largest and soil fungi was at least,under three cropping patterns the amount of soil bacteria followed the order that HDD>YDD>XDD,that of soil fungi followed the order that YDD>ZDD>XDD, that of soil antinomies followed the order that XDD>ZDD>YDD.After planted one year(two season), compared with the same layer of soil bacteria in 0-5cm soil layer under the ZDD and YDD treatments were respectively higher 38.2%,34.4%than that under the XDD treatment,in 5-10cm,10-20cm soil layer under three cropping patterns the difference of amount of soil bacteria was significant;Soil fungal in 0-5cm soil layer under the YDD treatment was the highest,followed by ZDD,the difference of soil fungal between the XDD.ZDD and YDD treatments was significant,in 5-10,10-20cm soil layer the difference of soil fungal between the YDD,ZDD and XDD treatments was significant;Soil antinomies in 0-5cm soil layer under the XDD treatment was the highest,that under the ZDD treatment followed,difference of soil antinomies between the three treatments was significant,in 5-10cm soil layer that under the YDD treatment was the lowest,in 10-20cm soil layer soil antinomies under the ZDD treatment was the highest.Biomass of the soil after planted two years(four season) increased over the previous year,the regularity between the treatments was basically same with ’the previous year,with the extension of cropping time,the total biomass were increased,it might be related to the rice straw returning,and also showing that plowing the Chinese milk vetch was beneficial to increased in the amount of bacteria,rapeseed planting had a positive effect on the amount of fungi.更多还原