【作者】 刘洋；

【导师】 缪昌文； 佘伟；

【作者基本信息】 东南大学 ， 材料与化工（专业学位）， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 在全球气候变暖的大背景下,建筑节能已成为应对能源与环境挑战的关键领域。作为建筑围护结构中热工性能最薄弱的部分,窗口成为能源流失的主要通道之一。在窗口系统的热管理中,窗口系统的后端热管理往往借助窗帘,对织物或膜结构等进行设计。相比于前端和中端策略,后端热管理无需改动建筑结构,具有更高的灵活性与成本优势,是提升建筑能效的关键突破口。传统织物材料功能单一,全天候自调节无源节能织物材料作为窗户后端的热管理材料,近年来在建筑能耗调控中展现出巨大潜力。该材料能够根据环境温度主动的调节太阳辐射的进入与散发,显著提升窗户的光热调控能力。该材料由具有制冷、加热功能的两侧组成,制冷侧可高效反射太阳光并将热量以红外辐射的形式传递到外太空,实现被动降温;加热侧则可吸收太阳辐射并提升局部温度,从而实现被动增温。本文采用分层多级设计技术,利用气流辅助的静电纺丝技术将研发出具有辐射制冷与加热的效果的织物材料,直接制备了具有优异辐射制冷层的纤维,与PTFE层组合成辐射制冷层;将炭黑填充进PVB纤维,制备辐射加热层。通过SEM、UV-Vis-NIR、FTIR等测试方法对纤维的结构、微观形貌、反射率与发射率进行表征,通过FDTD、分子动力学、Energy plus模拟并提出具有高反射率和高发射率的理论解释与能耗模拟。主要研究结果如下:(1)利用气流辅助的静电纺丝技术可调控气流场,改善纤维喷射路径和稳定性,从而实现在光学范围微纳米尺度纤维成型的均匀性和可控性,通过分层多级设计理念,设计尺寸与波长相当的介质颗粒与纤维的谐振效应,利用结构的周期性所形成的带隙效应可以在目标波段实现强的光谱响应,制冷侧在短波范围内的反射率达到99.8%,通过分子动力学模拟界面证明了有机无机有着良好的界面效应,使得颗粒填充可以达到50%,且不影响成型,粒子群足够稠密,粒子群中粒子与邻近粒子辐射场交互导致了多次散射和吸收,黑体辐射率达到98.6%;加热侧含高光吸收的炭黑,在阳光下通过吸收加热,使得加热侧的太阳光吸收高达95.5%,设计出了经济可拓展型自组装转换器,实现全天候辐射节能的织物材料。(2)将气流辅助的静电纺丝技术融入到节能材料制备,实现了纤维的自主装成型,大幅降低生产成本,具备工业化大尺度的生产潜力,为织物的多功能耦合制造提供了选择性。其超疏水(CA=162°)和超疏油(疏油角147°)特性赋予织物卓越的自清洁能力和优异的化学稳定性及耐腐蚀性,同时保留了一定的透气性。在空气与水环境中,织物展现出良好的气泡透光性和防水性能,有助于传统热交换机制。此外,多层设计使声波多次摩擦,提供了良好的吸声性能(NRC=0.67),并在夜间具有保温特性。织物的防尘性也得到了验证,表明该技术易于商业应用,并赋予织物多功能特性。(3)辐射制冷与加热纤维户外实际降温测试结果表明,白天阶段,制冷侧在太阳直射的情况下,与窗户、商用窗帘相比,降温幅度分别可达～20℃与～17℃;加热侧在太阳直射的情况下最高高于窗户温度～11℃,高于商用窗帘～14℃;夜间阶段,由于织物有着较低的导热系数,可以减缓热量的流动,均具有不错的保温效果,展现了在窗户后端的热调控机制,也突出了其优异的温度调控性能。此外,还用织物作为车罩在汽车运输方面的实际测试作为物流运输的潜力。为了进一步评估其在全球范围的节能,使用Energy Plus对建筑窗户后端进行全天候、全年度的能耗模拟,模拟与实测结果显示,双模辐射窗帘系统在典型气候区全年可实现最高达86.4 GJ的节能量,在全球多气候条件下均展现出显著的制冷与加热节能潜力与稳定的热环境调控能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the context of global climate change,building energy efficiency has become a critical strategy to address energy and environmental challenges.As one of the weakest components in the thermal performance of building envelopes,windows are a major pathway for energy loss.In window systems,rear-end thermal management typically relies on curtains,making use of textile or membrane-based materials.Compared with front-end and mid-layer strategies,rear-end solutions require no structural modification to buildings,offering greater flexibility and cost advantages.As a novel approach,all-weather,passive,self-regulating energy-saving textiles have shown great potential in regulating building energy consumption.These materials can actively modulate solar radiation based on ambient temperature,significantly enhancing the optical and thermal management of windows.The fabric consists of two functional sides:the cooling side,which reflects solar radiation and emits heat to outer space via infrared radiation;and the heating side,which absorbs sunlight and increases local temperature to provide passive heating.In this study,a layered,multiscale design strategy was adopted to fabricate a dual-mode textile using airflow-assisted electrospinning technology.A radiative cooling layer was constructed by electro spun nanofibers integrated with PTFE membranes,while a heating layer was fabricated by embedding carbon black into PVB fibers.The morphology,reflectance,and emittance of the fibers were characterized using SEM,UV-Vis-NIR,and FTIR spectroscopy.Theoretical models using FDTD and molecular dynamics simulations were established to explain the material’s high radiative performance,supported by Energy Plus simulations to predict its building-level energy impact.The main research findings are as follows:(1)The airflow-assisted electrospinning process effectively regulates fiber trajectory and improves structural uniformity.Through the resonant effects between wavelength-scale dielectric particles and fibers,strong spectral selectivity was achieved.The cooling side exhibits a high solar reflectance of up to 99.8%and an emittance of98.6%in the mid-infrared region due to dense and well-dispersed particles that induce multiple scattering.The heating side,loaded with carbon black,reaches a solar absorptance of 95.5%.A scalable,cost-effective self-assembly converter was developed to realize all-day radiative energy regulation.(2)The integration of airflow-assisted electrospinning enables scalable,cost-effective production with industrial potential.The textile exhibits super hydrophobicity(CA=162°)and superoleophobicity(147°),along with self-cleaning and chemical resistance.The fabric also maintains breathability and shows excellent anti-dust and sound absorption properties(NRC=0.67),as well as good thermal insulation at night.(3)Outdoor tests demonstrate that the cooling side can reduce daytime temperatures by up to～20°C compared to glass and～17°C compared to commercial curtains.The heating side increases surface temperatures by～11°C over glass and～14°C over commercial curtains under solar irradiation.At night,the textile provides insulation due to its low thermal conductivity,confirming its capability for full-day temperature regulation.The fabric was also tested as a car cover,indicating its potential in passive cooling for transportation and logistics applications.To further evaluate its large-scale energy-saving performance,Energy Plus simulations were conducted for a full-year,all-day building application.Simulation and experimental results indicate that the dual-mode textile curtain system can achieve up to 86.4 GJ of annual energy savings in typical climate zones,demonstrating strong potential for both cooling and heating energy reductions and stable thermal regulation across diverse global climates.更多还原