【作者】 王晶；

【导师】 刘宛婷；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 民商法学， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 我国《民法典》第1023条第2款明确规定,对自然人声音的保护,参照适用肖像权保护的有关规定。该条款虽然为声音保护提供了方向指引,但在司法实务中仍然面临着自然人声音属性界定存在争议、声音参照适用肖像权保护规则的适用方式不明晰以及声音侵权行为的救济规则不完善的问题。关于自然人声音的法律属性,当下主流学说的争议围绕“声音权利说”和“声音利益说”展开,本质上仍然是权利和利益的区分。首先,在区分方法层面,根据德国权益区分理论的“归属效能”“排除效能”以及“社会典型公开性”这三个法教义学标准分析,自然人声音无论在内在属性和外部关系方面都不具备权利的特征;其次,在区分目的层面,《民法典》第1023条第2款的实践意涵体现为权益保护与行为自由之间的价值权衡,通过参照适用的法律方法实现声音保护条款的规范功能,在应然和实然这两个范畴的双重考察下认定自然人声音为一种法定人格利益。在明确自然人声音法律属性为人格利益的基础上,进一步分析声音参照适用肖像权保护规则的具体适用方式。其一,从参引范围和参引效果两个方面明确“参照适用”的内涵:就参引范围而言,自然人声音在事实要素和结构关系上,与《民法典》第1019条至第1022条存在高度的相似性,因此可以依据《民法典》第1023条第2款的概括性指引,将上述条文作为自然人声音保护的参引范围;在参引效果上,关注声音利益与肖像权之间的不同点,注意参照适用并非一概照搬适用,而应当根据声纹中音段信息的特殊性在具体适用方式上差异化处理。其二,在明确“参照适用”内涵的基础上,分别考察声音利益在权能行使、合理使用以及许可使用合同规则这三个方面的具体适用方式。对于声音侵权行为的民事责任,关键在于自然人声音侵权行为的判定和责任承担的问题。首先,自然人声音侵权行为的判定应以声音的可识别性为核心标准,并进一步对声音侵权行为进行精细分类,以应对新兴侵权形态的出现。其次,关于责任承担的问题,需要明确责任主体的确定及责任承担方式的选择。考虑到数字化技术背景下声音侵权的特殊性,重点分析多主体侵权情况下的责任划分问题;在责任承担方式上,鉴于声音侵权日益复杂化、技术化的现实需求,人格权禁令制度所具有的高效、及时的特点可以防止声音利益人遭受更严重的损害,但其适用情形不能一概而论,要严格把握“难以弥补的损害”这一核心标准。此外,结合声音作为听觉类人格标识的特点,特别关注声音利益的商业价值以及被侵害声音利益的传播形态这两个因素对损害赔偿数额确定的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Article 1023,paragraph 2 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China clearly stipulates that the voice protection shall be analogous applied to the relevant provisions on portait protection.Although this provision provides directional guidance for voice protection,in judicial practice it still faces problems such as controversy over the attributes of voice,unclear application of the rules for voice protection on the analogy of portrait protection,the remedies for violation of voice are not well-established.Regarding the legal attributes of voice,the current mainstream academic controversy revolves around the“Legal interest in voice”and the“Right of voice”,but in essence it is still a distinction between right and interest.Firstly,at the level of differentiation method,according to the three doctrinal standards of the German theory of right and interest:“attributive effect”,“exclusionary effect”,and“social typical publicity”,voice does not exhibit the characteristics of a right,whether in terms of its intrinsic attributes or external relations.Secondly,at the level of differentiation purpose,the practical implication of Article 1023,Paragraph 2 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China reflects a value balance between right protection and freedom of action.Through the legal method of analogous application,the normative function of provision protecting voice is realized.Under the examination of the category of ought-is,the voice is recognized as a statutory personality interest.On the basis of clarifying the legal attribute of voice as a legal personality interest,further analysis is conducted on the rules for voice protection on the analogy of portrait protection.First,the connotation of’analogous application’is clarified from two aspects:the scope and the effect of analogous application.In terms of the scope of analogous application,the factual elements and structural relationships of natural person’s voice is highly similar to those of Articles 1019 to 1022 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China.Therefore,based on the general guidance of Article 1023,paragraph 2 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,the above mentioned articles can be used as the scope of analogous application for the protection of natural person’s voice.In terms of the effect of analogous application,attention should be paid to the differences between legal interest in voice and portrait right.It is important to note that analogous application does not mean a wholesale adoption,but rather requires differentiated treatment in the application based on the unique characteristics of segmental information in voiceprints.Secondly,on the basis of clarifying the connotation of analogous application,the specific methods of application for legal interest in voice are examined separately in three aspects:the exercise of voice,the scope of permissible use,and the rules governing licensing agreements.Regarding the tort liability for voice-related violation,the key issues lie in the determination of tortious acts involving voice and the corresponding liability for such acts.Firstly,the determination of tortious acts involving voice should take the identifiability of the voice as the core criterion.Furthermore,a refined classification of voice-related tortious acts should be established to address emerging forms of violation.Secondly,regarding the issue of liability,it is necessary to clarify the identification of the liable party and the selection of the appropriate form of liability.Given the unique nature of voice-related violation in the context of digital technology,particular attention should be paid to the allocation of liability in cases involving multiple liable parties.In terms of liability,given the increasingly complex and technical reality of voice-related violation,the high efficiency and timeliness of the personality rights injunction system can prevent the natural person from suffering more serious damages,but its application cannot be generalized,and the core standard of"irreparable damage"must be strictly grasped.In addition,combined with the characteristics of voice as an auditory personality identifier,special attention should be paid to the impact of these two factors,the commercial value of voice and the dissemination form of the voice,on the determination of the amount of damages.更多还原