【作者】 姜山；

【导师】 朱修春；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国史， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以南京国民政府的简体字改革为主题,以“政府与学者协同推进”为主要视角,采用历史学、文献学等研究方法,多角度探究那场失败的简体字改革运动的原因、历程与经验教训。从汉字本身看,汉字是中华文化的重要载体,汉字繁难是知识分子认为的汉字需要改革的重要原因,从当时的社会背景看,近代救亡图存的历史使命感使知识分子从教育普及入手,提出了各种汉字改革方案,以求中国摆脱国难,走上复兴道路。清末以来,汉字改革的方案多种多样,切音字、注音字母、国语罗马字、拉丁化拼音文字、简体字的主张纷纷出现。五四激进的知识分子在提出文学革命的同时也提出汉字革命的主张,进行学术研究和实践,但因与传统割裂太大,反对者太多,政局动荡,政府无暇顾及等原因,仅依靠学者文人无法有效推进,五四前后的文字革命无疾而终。南京国民政府建立后,民众教育思潮快速发展,推动了汉字改革的继续进行。南京政府设立一系列语言文字专业的科研机构,如历史语言所、字体研究会等,简体字被重新提起,并成为汉字改革的主流方案。学者文人大力提倡简体字,有基本汉字、别字、手头字等主张,也有系统简化改造汉字的主张,在此过程中,钱玄同成为汉字简化运动的旗手,最终编选简体字表。随着国难的加剧,救亡图存的浪潮下,如何从文化角度挽救民族和国家成为文人学者的重要使命。在此背景下,包括蒋介石在内的国民党高层均关注此事,到1935年,南京国民政府正式开始汉字改革,尽管教育部在选定简体字时谨慎克制,却依然引起众多人士的反对。在公布简体字表和推行方案不足半年后,国民政府收回简体字表,简体字改革最终以夭折告终。其后随着全面抗战的爆发,汉字改革进入低潮期,终民国期间,未再尝试。南京国民政府简体字改革的失败,有着深层次的原因,汉字自古以来的自然演变有其深刻的规律,汉字字形的优美与表意的特性,使得多数人在汉字改革运动中采取保守主义,不主张汉字变革。在汉字改革与教育普及关系上,很多人认为教育的普及与汉字繁难关系不大,重点在于政府的重视,在于广设学校与增加教育经费。民国时期,政局动荡,虽然思想荟萃,人才辈出,仅限于学术层面,政府未能有效推行,而国民党又偏向保守主义,其推行简体字的决心和魄力不够,也是运动失败的重要原因。南京国民政府简体字改革对此后中国文字的发展方向影响深远,也为解放区文字改革和后来新中国推行简体字提供了重要的支点。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis takes the simplified Chinese character reform of the Nanjing Nationalist Government as its theme,with the perspective of "coordinated promotion by the government and scholars",and adopts research methods such as history and philology to explore from multiple angles the reasons,process and lessons of that failed simplified Chinese character reform movement.From the perspective of Chinese characters themselves,Chinese characters are an important carrier of Chinese culture.The complexity of Chinese characters is an important reason why intellectuals believe that Chinese characters need to be reformed.From the perspective of the social background at that time,the historical sense of mission of modern salvation and survival made intellectuals start from the popularization of education and propose various Chinese character reform plans in order to help China get rid of national disasters and embark on the road to rejuvenation.Since the late Qing Dynasty,there have been various Chinese character reform plans,such as phonetic characters,phonetic alphabets,National Romanization,Latinized phonetic scripts,and simplified Chinese characters.The radical intellectuals of the May Fourth Movement proposed the revolution of Chinese characters at the same time as the literary revolution,conducting academic research and practice.However,due to the excessive break with tradition,too many opponents,political instability,and the government’s lack of attention,it was impossible to effectively promote it only by scholars and writers,and the May Fourth Movement’s language revolution ended in failure.After the establishment of the Nanjing Nationalist Government,the trend of popular education developed rapidly,promoting the continuation of Chinese character reform.The Nanjing government established a series of scientific research institutions specializing in language and characters,such as the Institute of History and Philology and the Font Research Society.Simplified Chinese characters were brought up again and became the mainstream plan for Chinese character reform.Scholars and writers vigorously advocated simplified Chinese characters,with proposals such as basic Chinese characters,variant characters,and hand-written characters,as well as systematic simplification and transformation of Chinese characters.During this process,Qian Xuantong became the flag-bearer of the Chinese character simplification movement and eventually compiled the simplified Chinese character list.With the intensification of national disasters,under the wave of saving the nation and the country,how to save the nation and the country from a cultural perspective became an important mission for scholars and writers.Against this background,including Chiang Kai-shek,the top leaders of the Kuomintang also paid attention to this matter.In 1935,the Nanjing Nationalist Government officially began the Chinese character reform.Although the Ministry of Education was cautious and restrained in selecting simplified Chinese characters,it still aroused opposition from many people.Less than half a year after the publication of the simplified Chinese character list and the implementation plan,the Nationalist Government withdrew the list,and the simplified Chinese character reform ended in failure.Subsequently,with the outbreak of the full-scale War of Resistance against Japan,the Chinese character reform entered a low period.During the entire period of the Republic of China,no further attempts were made.The failure of the simplified Chinese character reform of the Nanjing Nationalist Government has deep-seated reasons.The natural evolution of Chinese characters since ancient times has its profound laws.The beauty of Chinese character forms and their expressive characteristics have led most people to adopt conservatism in the Chinese character reform movement and not advocate for Chinese character changes.Regarding the relationship between Chinese character reform and the popularization of education,many people believe that the popularization of education has little to do with the complexity of Chinese characters.The key lies in the government’s attention,in setting up more schools and increasing educational funds.During the Republic of China period,although there was a convergence of ideas and a continuous emergence of talents,it was limited to the academic level,and the government failed to effectively promote it.Moreover,the Kuomintang was inclined towards conservatism,and its determination and courage to promote simplified Chinese characters were insufficient,which was also an important reason for the failure of the movement.The simplified Chinese character reform carried out by the Nanjing Nationalist Government had a profound influence on the subsequent development direction of Chinese characters and also provided an important fulcrum for the character reform in the liberated areas and the later promotion of simplified characters in the People’s Republic of China.更多还原