【作者】 赵卓；

【导师】 耿耀国；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 应用心理学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 “以直报怨,以德报德”。积极互惠被视为促进合作的重要机制,对消极互惠的偏好却有损人际和谐,因此探索影响互惠行为的因素具有重要意义。已有研究表明,互惠行为受人格因素影响。马基雅维利主义作为西方厚黑学的代表,虽然得到了研究者的关注,但关于马基雅维利主义与互惠行为关系的研究阙如。本研究在中国文化背景下,以大学生为研究对象,通过两个大研究三个子研究检验马基雅维利主义与互惠行为之间的关系,并对马基雅维利主义影响互惠行为的内部认知和情感机制进行探讨。研究一:目的:探讨马基雅维利主义与直接互惠的关系,以及消极解释偏向和感恩的中介作用。方法:以505名在校大学生为被试,使用黑暗十二条(DD)中的马基雅维利主义分量表、个体互惠规范量表(PNRS)、解释偏向问卷(IQ)和感恩问卷(GQ-6)。结果:(1)男生的马基雅维利主义和消极解释偏向得分高于女生;感恩和直接互惠得分低于女生。(2)马基雅维利主义与感恩和积极直接互惠显著负相关,与消极解释偏向和消极直接互惠显著正相关;消极解释偏向与积极直接互惠显著负相关,与消极直接互惠显著正相关;感恩与积极直接互惠显著正相关,与消极直接互惠显著负相关。(3)感恩在马基雅维利主义与积极直接互惠之间起完全中介作用(β=-0.19,95%CI=[-0.30,-0.11]),中介效应占总效应的71.94%;消极解释偏向的中介作用不显著(β=-0.03,95%CI=[-0.13,0.07])。(4)消极解释偏向(β=0.14,95%CI=[0.03,0.26])和感恩(β=0.07,95%CI=[0.01,0.13])在马基雅维利主义与消极直接互惠之间起平行中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的32.91%和15.40%。研究二:研究2a:目的:探讨马基雅维利主义对积极广义互惠的影响,以及消极解释偏向和感恩的中介作用。方法:以河南某高校60名在校大学生为被试,采用单因素被试间实验设计(高马基雅维利主义vs低马基雅维利主义)。因变量为积极广义互惠,使用解释偏向问卷(IQ)和感恩问卷(GQ-6)测量消极解释偏向和感恩。结果:(1)低马基雅维利主义组(M=5.43,SD=0.97)分配金额显著多于高马基雅维利主义组(M=4.13,SD=1.91),t=3.33,p<0.01,Cohen’s d=0.86。(2)感恩在马基雅维利主义与积极广义互惠之间起中介作用(β=-0.18,95%CI=[-0.46,-0.02]),中介效应占总效应的22.78%;消极解释偏向的中介作用不显著(β=-0.01,95%CI=[-0.23,0.12])。研究2b:目的:探讨马基雅维利主义对消极广义互惠的影响,以及消极解释偏向和感恩的中介作用。方法:以河南某高校61名在校大学生为被试,采用单因素被试间实验设计(高马基雅维利主义vs低马基雅维利主义)。因变量为消极广义互惠,使用解释偏向问卷(IQ)和感恩问卷(GQ-6)测量消极解释偏向和感恩。结果:(1)低马基雅维利主义组(M=4.46,SD=1.00)分配金额显著多于高马基雅维利主义组(M=3.73,SD=1.33),t=2.41,p<0.05,Cohen’s d=0.61。(2)消极解释偏向(β=-0.18,95%CI=[-0.39,-0.01])和感恩(β=-0.17,95%CI=[-0.44,-0.01])在马基雅维利主义与消极广义互惠之间起平行中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的 24.00%和 22.67%。研究结论:(1)马基雅维利主义显著负向预测积极互惠行为,显著正向预测消极互惠行为。即马基雅维利主义是互惠行为的重要影响因素;(2)感恩在马基雅维利主义与积极互惠行为中起中介作用。即马基雅维利主义通过感恩对积极互惠行为产生影响;(3)消极解释偏向和感恩在马基雅维利主义与消极互惠行为中起平行中介作用。即马基雅维利主义既可通过消极解释偏向对消极互惠行为产生影响,也可通过感恩对消极互惠行为产生影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Requite resentment with justice,requite kindness with kindness".While positive reciprocity has been regarded as an important mechanism for promoting cooperation,preference for negative reciprocity may hinder the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.Thus,it is valuable to explore the factors that influence reciprocity behavior.Researchers noted that personalities were related to reciprocity.Although Machiavellianism has gained more and more attentions,there is a paucity of studies that directly examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and reciprocity.This study revealed the relationship between Machiavellianism and reciprocal behavior through two studies and three sub-studies in the context of Chinese culture,with college students as participants.The present study also preliminarily explored the underlying cognitive and affective mechanisms of Machiavellianism on reciprocity behavior.Study 1:Objective:To explore the relationship between Machiavellianism and direct reciprocity,as well as the mediating role of negative interpretation bias and gratitude.Methods:A total of 505 college students finished Machiavellianism subscale of the Dirty Dozen,the Interpretation Questionnaire,the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form,and the Personal Norm of Reciprocity Scale.Results:(1)Machiavellianism and negative interpretation bias of boys were higher than those of girls.The scores of gratitude and direct reciprocity of boys were lower than those of girls.(2)Machiavellianism was negatively correlated with gratitude and positive direct reciprocity,and positively correlated with negative interpretation bias and negative direct reciprocity.Negative interpretation bias was negatively correlated with positive direct reciprocity,and positively correlated with negative direct reciprocity.Gratitude was positively correlated with positive direct reciprocity,and negatively correlated with negative direct reciprocity.(3)Gratitude played a mediating role between Machiavellianism and positive direct reciprocity(β=-0.19,95%CI=[-0.30,-0.11]),and the mediating effect value was 71.94%.The mediating role of negative interpretation bias was not significant(β=-0.03,95%CI=[-0.13,0.07]).(4)Negative interpretation bias(β=0.14,95%CI=[0.03,0.26])and gratitude(β=0.07,95%CI=[0.01,0.13])played a parallel mediating role between Machiavellianism and negative direct reciprocity,and the mediating effect of 32.91%and 15.40%,respectively.Study 2:Study 2a:Objective:In order to explore the relationship between Machiavellianism and positive generalized reciprocity,as well as the mediating role of negative interpretation bias and gratitude.Methods:60 participants were recruited and a between-subjects research design of single factor was carried out.The dependent variable was positive generalized reciprocity.Results:(1)Individuals scoring low on Machiavellianism allocated more money to strangers(t=3.33,p<0.01).(2)Gratitude played a mediating role between Machiavellianism and positive generalized reciprocity(β=-0.18,95%CI=[-0.46,-0.02]),and the mediating effect value was 22.78%.The mediating role of negative interpretation bias was not significant(β=-0.01,95%CI=[-0.23,0.12]).Study 2b:Objective:To explore the relationship between Machiavellianism and negative generalized reciprocity,as well as the mediating role of negative interpretation bias and gratitude.Methods:61 participants were recruited and a between-subjects research design of single factor was carried out.The dependent variable was negative generalized reciprocity.Results:(1)Individuals scoring low on Machiavellianism allocated more money to strangers(t=2.41,p<0.05).(2)Negative interpretation bias(β=-0.18,95%CI=[-0.39,-0.01])and gratitude(β=-0.17,95%CI=[-0.44,-0.01])played a parallel mediating role between Machiavellianism and negative generalized reciprocity,and the mediating effect of 24.00%and 22.67%.respectively.Conclusions:(1)Machiavellianism positively precited positive reciprocity behavior,and negatively precited negative reciprocity behavior.That is to say,Machiavellianism was an important precursor to reciprocity behavior.(2)Gratitude played a total mediating role between Machiavellianism and positive reciprocity.That is,Machiavellianism predicted positive reciprocity through gratitude totally.(3)Machiavellianism can affect negative reciprocity through the mediating role of negative interpretation bias and gratitude.更多还原