【作者】 张明哲；

【导师】 张锐；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 农业机械化工程， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 2022年北京冬奥会和2025年哈尔滨亚冬会的成功举办,我国冰雪旅游热潮极度攀升,但目前滑雪运动装备尚存在些许不足,开发方向主要针对冰雪竞技,面向冰雪旅游的滑雪器械多为传统机械式结构,侧重其机动性,对于雪场环保性及文化承载性方面不能兼顾,难以满足大众滑雪需求。然而,无动力式滑雪车可以弥补此缺陷,但是尚不具备成熟的制动系统,存在较大的安全隐患。因此,对无动力滑雪车的制动系统展开研究提高其制动性能具有重要意义,本文提出了一种具有立刃和摩擦双向制动功能的车用仿生雪板创新性研究思路。本研究评估了现有滑雪板的相应结构尺寸,利用动力学建模分析了滑雪板在立刃制动过程中的受力情况,明确了影响制动阻力的关键因素。研究发现,温度、湿度、雪的密度、滑行速度和雪板侧边缘几何结构等因素对制动阻力有显著影响。结合卡宾式滑雪板特性与仿生学优势,本文通过CATIA三维建模设计了具有特殊侧边缘结构的车用仿生雪板,保证一定的立刃角度并增大与雪面的接触面积,从而提高制动性能。利用EDEM离散元软件分析了不同角度侧边凸缘雪板与雪颗粒的相互作用,结果表明,45°侧边凸缘结构在雪面上具有最大的制动阻力。对驯鹿足蹄结构及功能深入研究,分析其在冰雪路面上的高度适应性机制。测量多个足蹄的宏观尺寸,得到主蹄与悬蹄对应的长宽比例。采用3D扫描技术和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析,提取驯鹿足蹄的宏微观特征,在宏观上,其独特的曲面结构可以增强冰雪路面上行走时的稳定性,在MATLAB中完成曲面方程拟合,建立数学模型;在微观上,足蹄表面形貌呈现多尺度粗糙特征,主要包括矩形、条形和球形凸起结构。基于以上仿生研究,结合工程仿生原理,可以指导雪板侧边缘仿生形貌结构的优化设计,并提供理论支撑。根据驯鹿足蹄的仿生分析,依据其独特的曲线曲面结构,设计出三种不同排布方式的仿驯鹿足宏观特征形貌结构,分别命名为GF-A、GF-B和GF-C。根据相应摩擦机理模型,完成摩擦试验方案的设计,通过UTM摩擦试验机对不同排布方式的仿生形貌结构进行不同条件下的摩擦试验,并与人字形形貌结构进行对比。试验结果表明,GF-B仿生形貌结构的动摩擦因数最大,相较于人字形对比结构,最大提升25.87%,在不同试验条件下,均表现出最优的抗滑性能。加入微观仿生特征元素,进一步设计出三种不同仿生形貌结构,分别命名为MF-R、MF-S和MF-C,重复进行摩擦试验,其中,MF-R仿生结构在雪面上的动摩擦因数最大,相较GF-B最大提升31.89%,相较MF-S和MF-C两种结构最大提升23.23%。利用有限元仿真对MF-R、MF-S和MF-C三种花纹结构在不同压力下进行热力耦合分析,仿真环境设置为-10℃。结果显示,MF-R结构在低压和高压条件下均能显著提高雪面温度,摩擦生热效果最佳,相比MF-S和MF-C最大提升42.67%,表明MF-R结构具有最佳的抗滑性能。通过ADAMS软件建立滑雪车多刚体动力学模型,评估搭载不同滑雪板的滑雪车(A车、B车、C车)的制动性与平稳性,仿真结果表明,A车的制动距离最短,相比C车而言,制动距离缩短27.8%,同时,仿生边缘制动块不仅提升了制动性能,而且通过表面凸起的应力分散作用有效降低了39.2%的峰值冲击载荷;制备原理样机在-10℃～-15℃雪地环境中以4 m/s的初速度开展相应雪地试验,A车的平均制动距离较C车减少了25.8%,与仿真趋势吻合,但由于3D打印材料的刚性较大,使得垂向加速度波动指标出现反向特征。综上所述,本文针对无动力雪板式滑雪车运动安全性不足的问题,结合工程仿生原理,创新性地设计了具有立刃和摩擦双向协同制动功能的车用仿生雪板。建立“试验-仿真”双验证体系,证实了设计方案的可行性。本研究成果为未来冰雪运动装备的仿生设计提供了新思路,推动了仿生学在冰雪领域的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The successful hosting of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and the 2025 Harbin Asian Winter Games has led to a significant increase in the popularity of ice and snow tourism in China.However,there are still some deficiencies in the skiing equipment at present.The development direction is mainly focused on ice and snow competitions,and the skiing equipment for ice and snow tourism is mostly of traditional mechanical structure,emphasizing its mobility.It cannot balance the environmental protection and cultural carrying capacity of the ski resorts,making it difficult to meet the needs of the general public for skiing.However,the non-powered skiing vehicle can make up for this deficiency.However,it does not yet have a mature braking system and has significant safety hazards.Therefore,it is of great significance to conduct research on the braking system of the non-powered skiing vehicle to improve its braking performance.This paper proposes an innovative research idea of a car-mounted bionic snowboard with a dual braking function of sharp edge and friction.This study evaluated the corresponding structural dimensions of the existing snowboards and analyzed the force conditions of the snowboards during sharp-edge braking using dynamic modeling.The key factors affecting braking resistance were identified.It was found that factors such as temperature,humidity,snow density,skiing speed,and the geometric structure of the side edge of the snowboard have a significant impact on braking resistance.Based on the characteristics of the Kabin-style snowboard and the advantages of bionics,this paper designed a car-mounted bionic snowboard with a special side edge structure through CATIA three-dimensional modeling,ensuring a certain sharp-edge angle and increasing the contact area with the snow surface,thereby improving braking performance.The interaction between the side edge with convex protrusions and snow particles was analyzed using the EDEM discrete element software.The results showed that the 45°side edge protrusion structure could maximize friction and had the best braking performance.In-depth research on the structure and function of reindeer hooves,analyzing their highly adaptive mechanisms on ice and snow roads.The macroscopic dimensions of multiple hooves were measured,and the corresponding length-to-width ratios of the main hooves and suspensory hooves were obtained.Using 3D scanning technology and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),the macro and micro characteristics of the reindeer hooves were analyzed.Macroscopically,its unique curved surface structure can enhance stability when walking on ice and snow roads.The surface equation of the curved surface was fitted in MATLAB to establish a mathematical model.Microscopically,the surface topography of the hooves presented multi-scale rough features,mainly including rectangular,strip-shaped,and spherical protrusion structures.Based on the bionic research,combined with engineering bionics principles,it can guide the optimization design of the bionic pattern structure of the snowboard side edge and provide theoretical support.Based on the bionic analysis of reindeer hooves,according to its unique curved surface structure,three different arrangement patterns of macroscopic bionic feature morphologies were designed,named GF-A,GF-B,and GF-C.According to the corresponding friction theory model,the friction test scheme was designed,and friction tests were conducted on the bionic morphologies of different arrangements using the UTM friction test machine under different conditions,compared with the human-shaped morphological structure.The test results showed that the Dynamic Coefficient of Friction of the GF-B bionic morphological structure was the largest,with a maximum improvement of 25.87%compared to the human-shaped comparison structure.Under different test conditions,it all showed the best anti-slip performance.Adding micro-bionic feature elements,three different bionic morphological structures were further designed,named MF-R,MF-S,and MF-C.Friction tests were repeated,among which the MF-R bionic structure had the largest Dynamic Coefficient of Friction on the snow surface,with a maximum improvement of 31.89%compared to GF-B and a maximum improvement of 23.23%compared to MF-S and MF-C.Using finite element simulation to conduct thermal coupling analysis of the three bionic pattern structures under different pressures,the simulation environment was set at-10°C.The results showed that the MF-R structure could significantly increase the snow surface temperature under both low and high pressure conditions,achieving the best friction heating effect,with an improvement of 42.67%compared to MF-S and MF-C,indicating that the MF-R structure has the best anti-skid performance.A multi-body dynamics model of the snowmobile was established using the ADAMS software to evaluate the braking performance and stability of the snowmobiles with different snowboards(A vehicle,B vehicle,and C vehicle).The simulation results show that the braking distance of the A vehicle is the shortest.Compared with the C vehicle,the braking distance is shortened by 27.8%.Meanwhile,the bionic edge braking blocks not only improve the braking performance but also effectively reduce the peak impact load by 39.2%through the stress dispersion effect of the surface protrusions.The prototype was prepared and subjected to corresponding snow tests in a snow environment ranging from-10℃to-15℃at an initial speed of 4 m/s.The average braking distance of the A vehicle was reduced by 25.8%compared with the C vehicle,which is consistent with the simulation trend.However,due to the large rigidity of the 3D printing material,the vertical acceleration fluctuation index shows an opposite characteristic.In conclusion,this paper addresses the issue of insufficient safety of the motion of snowmobiles without power snowboards,combines engineering bionics principles,and innovatively designs a vehicle bionic snowboard with a dual-coordinated braking function of vertical edge and friction.A"test-simulation"dual-verification system was established to confirm the feasibility of the design scheme.This research achievement provides new ideas for the bionic design of future ice and snow sports equipment and promotes the development of bionics in the ice and snow field.更多还原