远程勘验的程序规制

【作者】 刘颖；

【导师】 吴啟铮；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 法律硕士（非法学）（专业学位）， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 随着互联网的高速发展,计算机犯罪日益增多,犯罪侦查也从实体空间逐渐转向虚拟空间。互联网的无界限性和远程特性使得犯罪侦查面临着全新的挑战和机遇。为了更迅速、有效地搜集网络犯罪证据,侦查机关越来越多地依赖于远程勘验这一手段,它已成为大数据时代侦查工作中的关键环节。远程勘验在提高侦查效率、节省人力资源的同时,亦冲击着我国刑事诉讼法的相关原则,并引发了公民的隐私权危机。我国远程勘验虽不是一项新兴侦查措施,但与国外的相关法律规定相比,其在法律定性、法律明确性、程序适用统一性、公民权利保护等方面仍存在问题。且由于其本身所具有的特性,给我国传统侦查措施带来了冲击与挑战。当前,因远程勘验的法律定性模糊及程序监管不力等弊端,这一侦查手段徘徊在法律规制的边缘地带,对我国公民的基本权利构成了严重侵害。本文通过抽取我国裁判文书案例样本并结合实践调研,审视远程勘验在实践中的运行状况,详细记录其取证主体及对象,归纳远程勘验程序在实际操作中的常见做法。同时,梳理被告人及其辩护人针对远程勘验证据提出的异议及其采纳情况,总结当前面临的难点问题。另一方面,通过“合理隐私期待”理论分析远程勘验与传统技术侦查之间存在的显著区别,表明远程勘验存在单独程序规制的必要性。结合对勘验规则制定背景的探讨以及我国现行远程勘验相关法律规定的审视,本文对勘验的整体框架进行了进一步的明确,并对勘验的范围做出广义与狭义理解的区分。在数据类型分析的框架下,远程勘验的法律定性需根据数据的形态和属性进行分层划分,从而明确其在侦查措施中的位置。即将其分层划分为任意性侦查措施和强制性侦查措施以及特殊情况下的附加程序规制。借鉴荷兰、美国等国家在相关立法经验,结合我国实际,构建远程勘验的分层规制路径。事前阶段,需建立前置程序以及司法令状主义,确保侦查活动的合法性;事中阶段,通过引入即时通知与延后通知机制,对侦查活动实施有效监督,确保其严格遵循法律规范进行;而在事后阶段,则需对侦查活动进行全面评估和详细记录,为当事人提供充分的救济保障,以便在必要时进行审查和纠正。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of the Internet,computer crime is increasing,and crime investigation is therefore gradually shifting from physical space to virtual space.The boundless and remote nature of the Internet has made crime investigation face brand-new challenges and opportunities.In order to collect evidence of cybercrime more rapidly and effectively,investigating authorities have increasingly relied on the means of remote investigation,which has become a key link in the investigation work in the era of big data.Remote investigation in improving the efficiency of investigation,saving human resources at the same time,but also impacted the relevant principles of China’s criminal procedure law,and triggered a crisis of citizens’right to privacy.China’s remote investigation is not an emerging investigative measures,but compared with the relevant foreign legal provisions,its legal characterization,legislative clarity,consistency of procedural application,civil rights protection and other aspects of the problem still exists.And because of its own characteristics,to China’s traditional investigation measures have brought impact and challenges.At present,due to the legal characterization of remote investigation and procedural supervision of the ambiguity of the drawbacks,making this means of investigation wandering in the fringe of the legal regulation,the fundamental rights of our citizens constitute a serious infringement.In this paper,by extracting case samples of our country’s adjudication documents and combining them with practical research,we review the operation of remote investigation in practice,record in detail the subject and object of its evidence,summarize the common practice of remote investigation procedures in actual operation;at the same time,combing the objections raised by the defendant and his defender to the evidence of the remote investigation and its acceptance,and summarize the difficult problems faced at present.On the other hand,the theory of"reasonable expectation of privacy"is used to analyze the significant differences between remote investigation and traditional technical investigation,demonstrating the need for separate procedural regulation of remote investigation.At the same time,combined with the analysis of the survey rules formulated in the context of the discussion and China’s current remote survey of the relevant legal provisions of the review,this paper on the survey of the overall framework for further clarification,and the survey of the scope of the broad and narrow understanding of the distinction.Within the framework of data type analysis,the legal characterization of remote inspection needs to be stratified according to the form and attributes of the data,so as to clarify its place in the investigative measures.Stratification into arbitrary and mandatory investigative measures and additional procedural regulation in special cases.Drawing on the Netherlands,the United States and other countries in the relevant legislative experience,combined with the actual situation in China,the construction of remote survey of the layered regulatory path.At the ex ante stage,it is necessary to establish prior procedures and judicial writs to ensure the legality of investigative activities;at the mid-stage,it is necessary to effectively supervise investigative activities through the introduction of immediate notification and delayed notification mechanisms to ensure that they are carried out in strict compliance with legal norms;At the ex post facto stage,there is a need for a comprehensive assessment and detailed documentation of investigative activities to provide the parties concerned with adequate guarantees of redress so that they can be reviewed and corrected if necessary.更多还原