【作者】 杨宇；

【导师】 杨丽娟； 娄春荣；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 设施栽培主要以单一作物连作为主,而长期连作必然改变土壤理化性质、降低土壤肥力、造成土传病害积累,进而减低农作物产量及品质。为改善上述问题,本文依托于沈阳农业大学温室长期定位试验,研究长期不同比例有机物料替代部分化肥对设施黄瓜连作土壤理化性状、土壤团聚体及黄瓜产量、品质的影响。本研究共设8个处理:不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF100）、75%化肥N+25%有机物料N（秸秆（S25）、蚓粪（VM25））50%化肥N+50%有机物料N（秸秆（S50）、蚓粪（VM50））、100%有机物料N（秸秆（S100）、蚓粪（VM100））,主要研究结果如下:（1）有机物料代替部分化肥会改变土壤理化性状,提高土壤养分含量。不同比例蚓粪和玉米秸秆替代化肥均可以降低土壤容重,与CF100相比,S50的土壤容重显著降低了5.97%。与CF100相比,不同有机物料代替化肥处理的土壤pH显著提高,提高了7.05%,VM25、VM50、VM100、S25和S50土壤EC值分别显著降低了15.93%、23.72%、27.36%、18.43%、4.69%。不同比例蚓粪和玉米秸秆替代化肥均可以提高土壤中全碳和全氮的含量,与CF100相比,VM50和VM100处理的全碳和全氮含量提高了27.68%、21.81%和9.66%、3.02%;S50和S100处理的全碳和全氮含量提高了24.11%、28.54%和7.05%、8.96%。S50与VM100处理的土壤全磷含量最高较,CF100提高了24.41%;与CF100相比,不同有机物料代替化肥处理土壤的全钾含量均下降。就速效养分而言,VM100处理和S50处理在提高土壤中速效磷、速效钾含量方面效果较好,VM100处理和S100处理能显著提高土壤中碱解氮含量。（2）有机物料代替部分化肥可以增加大粒径团聚体的含量和占比,提高团聚体的稳定性。与CF100处理相比,VM100处理的5～2 mm和2～0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量显著增加了25.81%和33.41%,S25、S50和S100处理2～0.25 mm粒径的团聚体含量显著增加了11.48%、21.24%和29.48%。与CF100相比,不同有机物料代替化肥处理的平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和>0.25 mm团聚体质量与总团聚体质量的比值(R_0.25)显著增加,与CF100相比,VM100和S100处理的MWD、GMD及R0.25值分别提高了35.18%、68.00%、40.00%和18.52%、40.00%、24.43%。FT-IR结果表明,不同比例蚓粪和玉米秸秆替代化肥可以提高土壤中C=O、C=C、O-H官能团的含量。（3）有机物料代替部分化肥可以促进黄瓜生长发育,提高黄瓜的产量和品质。抽蔓的第7天CF100处理黄瓜植株最高,第28天后VM50、VM100、S50和S100处理的黄瓜植株均超过了CF100处理。与单施化肥相比,不同比例蚓粪和玉米秸秆替代化肥处理显著提高了黄瓜可溶性固形物和维生素C;而不同比例蚓粪和玉米秸秆替代化肥处理的黄瓜的硝酸盐含量显著降低。施肥处理均可以提高黄瓜的产量,与CF100相比,S50和VM25处理的黄瓜产量显著增加,分别增加了17.55%和12.7%。综上,不同比例的有机物料（蚓粪、秸秆）替代化肥均可以有效地改善土壤的理化性质、提高土壤肥力,进而促进黄瓜植株的生长发育,提高黄瓜的产量及果实品质,为农民降低成本提高经济效率提供理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Facility cultivation is mainly based on single crop continuous cropping,and long-term continuous cropping will inevitably change the physical and chemical properties of soil,reduce soil fertility,cause the accumulation of soil-borne diseases,and then reduce crop yield and quality.In order to improve the above problems,based on the long-term positioning experiment of greenhouse in Shenyang Agricultural University,this paper studied the effects of long-term replacement of partial chemical fertilizer by organic materials with different proportions on soil physicochemical properties,soil aggregate,and cucumber yield and quality in continuous cropping in facilities.A total of 8 treatments were set up in this study:No fertilizer（CK）fertilizer reduction（CF75）,single fertilizer（CF100）,75 fertilizer N+25%organic material N（straw（S25）,vermiculite（VM25））50%fertilizer N+50%organic material N（straw（S50）,vermiculite（VM50））,100%organic material N（straw（S100）,vermiculite（VM100））,the main results are as follows:（1）Organic materials instead of some fertilizers can increase the content and proportion of large-particle size aggregates and improve the stability of aggregates.Different proportions of worm manure and corn straw replacing chemical fertilizer could reduce soil bulk density.Compared with CF100,soil bulk density of S50 was significantly reduced by 5.97%.Compared with CF100,the pH of soil treated with different organic materials instead of chemical fertilizer was significantly increased by 7.05%,and the EC values of VM25,VM50,VM100,S25 and S50 were significantly decreased by 15.93%,23.72%,27.36%,18.43%and 4.69%,respectively.The contents of total carbon and total nitrogen in soil were increased by different proportions of vermis and corn stover.Compared with CF100,the contents of total carbon and total nitrogen in VM50 and VM100 increased by 27.68%,21.81%and 9.66%,3.02%.The total carbon and nitrogen content of S50 and S100 treatment increased by 24.11%,28.54%and 7.05%,8.96%.Compared with VM100,the soil total phosphorus content under S50 treatment was the highest,and CF100 increased by 24.41%.Compared with CF100,the total potassium content of soil treated with different organic materials instead of chemical fertilizer decreased.In terms of available nutrients,VM100 treatment and S50 treatment were effective in increasing the content of available phosphorus and available potassium in soil,and VM100 treatment and S100 treatment could significantly increase the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in soil.（2）Organic materials instead of some fertilizers can increase the content and proportion of large-particle size aggregates and improve the stability of aggregates.Compared with CF100 treatment,the aggregate content of 5～2 mm and 2～0.25 mm particle size was significantly increased by 25.81%and 33.41%under VM100 treatment,and the aggregate content of 2～0.25 mm particle size under S25,S50 and S100 treatment was significantly increased by 11.48%,21.24%and 29.48%.Compared with CF100,the mean weight diameter（MWD）,geometric mean diameter（GMD）and the ratio of aggregate mass>0.25mm to total aggregate mass(R_0.25)of different organic materials were significantly increased.The MWD,GMD and R_0.25 values of VM100 and S100 were increased by 35.18%,68.00%,40.00%and 18.52%,40.00%,24.43%,respectively.The FT-IR results showed that the contents of C=O,C=C and O-H functional groups in soil could be increased with different proportions of worm castings and corn straw instead of chemical fertilizer.（3）Organic materials instead of chemical fertilizer can promote the growth and development of cucumber and improve the yield and quality of cucumber.On the 7th day of craning,the cucumber plants treated with CF100 were the highest,and the cucumber plants treated with VM50,VM100,S50 and S100 all exceeded those treated with CF100after the 28th day.Compared with single fertilizer application,the soluble solid and vitamin C of cucumber were significantly increased by different proportions of worm manure and corn straw instead of fertilizer treatment.The nitrate content of cucumbers treated with different proportions of worm manure and corn straw instead of chemical fertilizer decreased significantly.Compared with CF100,the cucumber yield under S50 and VM25 treatments was significantly increased by 17.55%and 12.7%,respectively.In conclusion,different proportions of organic materials（vermiculture,straw）instead of chemical fertilizer can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of soil,improve soil fertility,and then promote the growth and development of cucumber plants,improve the yield and fruit quality of cucumber,and provide a theoretical basis for farmers to reduce costs and improve economic efficiency.更多还原