【作者】 王悦；

【导师】 王术；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 水分和氮素是调控水稻生长发育和产量形成的主要因素,寻找合理的水氮组合对提高水稻产量至关重要。本研究以辽宁省主栽的水稻品种沈稻47为试验材料,设置不同灌溉模式和施氮方式,于2021～2022年在沈阳农业大学教学科研试验基地进行大田试验。研究不同灌溉模式与施氮方式对水稻产量和氮素利用的影响,明确水氮互作对水稻产量形成和氮素利用的生理机制,为北方粳稻生产提供理论依据,主要研究结果如下:1.水稻产量在灌溉模式与施氮方式处理间均有极显著差异（P<0.01）,且存在极显著的交互效应。在淹水灌溉（W1）下,F1（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=50%:30%:20%）产量最高,在干湿交替灌溉（W2）和湿润灌溉（W3）下,均以F3（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=40%:30%:30%）产量最高,其中W2F3处理组合产量最高,是本试验最优的水氮组合方式。因此,在淹水灌溉（W1）下选择F1（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=50%:30%:20%）,在干湿交替灌溉（W2）和湿润灌溉（W3）下,选择F3（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=40%:30%:30%）。产量与有效穗数、穗粒数均呈极显著正相关,且产量与穗粒数的相关系数（r=0.96）大于其与有效穗数的相关系数（r=0.61）。2.3种灌溉模式下的高峰苗数均以基蘖肥比例大的F2（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=40%:50%:10%）最高,且均在移栽后42 d达到峰值,其中在W2F3处理组合下,水稻茎蘖成穗率显著高于其余处理组合。水稻叶片的SPAD值在W2F3处理组合下达到最大。3种灌溉模式下,叶面积指数（LAI）、干物质积累、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均表现为W2>W3>W1。产量与气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.65和0.69。3.3种灌溉模式下,水稻叶片氮转运量、茎鞘氮转运量、叶片氮转运率、茎鞘氮转运率、穗部氮增加量和抽穗至成熟期氮转运贡献率变化趋势均为W2>W3>W1;氮素吸收利用率也表现为W2>W3>W1。3种灌溉模式中,干湿交替灌溉（W2）显著提高了氮素农学利用率和氮素偏生产力。4.每次施肥后,NH₃挥发速率均在第一周之内达到峰值。施基肥后,NH₃挥发速率均变化较低,而在施分蘖肥和穗肥后,NH₃挥发速率均迅速升高。在同一灌溉模式下,NH₃挥发速率的峰值均以F2（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=40%:50%:10%）最高。3种灌溉模式中,干湿交替灌溉（W2）和湿润灌溉（W3）明显降低了NH₃挥发速率以及NH₃挥发累积量。5.在本试验条件下,稻田土壤NH₄⁺-N浓度高于NO₃^--N浓度。3种灌溉模式中,在分蘖期稻田土壤0～20 cm和20～40 cm处的NH₄⁺-N浓度和NO₃^--N浓度均以F2（基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=40%:50%:30%）处理最高。稻田土壤NO₃^--N浓度在干湿交替灌溉（W2）下,各个施氮方式处理组合下均呈先下降后上升趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water and nitrogen are the main factors regulating rice growth,development and yield formation,and finding a reasonable water-nitrogen combination is crucial to improve rice yield.In this study,the main rice cultivar in Liaoning Province,Shendao 47,was used as experimental material,and different irrigation modes and nitrogen application methods were set up to conduct a field experiment at the Experiment Base for Teaching and Research of Shenyang Agricultural University from 2021 to 2022.In order to study the effects of different irrigation modes and nitrogen application on rice yield and nitrogen utilization,to clarify the physiological mechanisms of interactions between water and nitrogen on rice yield formation and nitrogen utilization,and to provide a theoretical basis for northern japonica rice production,the main findings of the study are as follows:1.Rice yield significantly differed between irrigation patterns and nitrogen application method（P<0.01）.There were also interaction effects.Under submerged irrigation（W1）,F1（base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=50%:30%:20%）gave the highest yield,and under alternate wetting and drying irrigation（W2）and wet irrigation（W3）,both F3（base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=40%:30%:30%）gave the highest yield,with the highest yield in the treatment combination of W2F3,which was the optimal water and nitrogen combination method in this experiment.Therefore,F1（base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=50%:30%:20%）was selected under submerged irrigation（W1）and F3（base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=40%:30%:30%）was selected under alternate wetting and drying irrigation（W2）and wet irrigation（W3）.Yield was significant positively correlated with the effective number of spikes per unit area and the number of grains in a spike,and the correlation coefficient between yield and the number of grains in a spike（r=0.96）was greater than that between yield and the effective number of spikes per unit area（r=0.61）.2.The peak number of seedlings under all three irrigation patterns was highest in F2（base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=40%:50%:10%）with a large proportion of basal tiller fertilizer,and all of them reached the peak at 42 d after transplanting,in which the rice stem tiller spike formation rate was significantly higher under the W2F3 treatment combination than the rest of the treatment combinations.The SPAD value of rice was highest under the W2F3 treatment combination.under the three irrigation modes,leaf area index（LAI）,dry matter accumulation,net photosynthetic rate（Pn）,stomatal conductance（Gs）and transpiration rate（Tr）showed a highly significant positively correlated between yield and stomatal conductance（Gs）and between yield and transpiration rate（Tr）.The correlation coefficients were 0.65 and 0.69,respectively.3.Rice leaf nitrogen translocation,stem nitrogen translocation,leaf nitrogen translocation rate,and stem nitrogen translocation rate,nitrogen uptake and utilization also showed W2>W3>W1.Under the three irrigation modes,alternate wetting and drying irrigation（W2）significantly increased nitrogen agronomical utilization and nitrogen bioproductivity.4.The NH₃ volatilization rate peaked within the first week after each fertilizer application.Both NH₃ volatilization rates varied low after basal fertilizer application,while they increased rapidly after both tiller and panicle fertilizer applications.The highest peaks in ammonia volatilization rates were all highest in F2（base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=40%:50%:10%）under the same irrigation pattern.Among the three irrigation modes,alternate wetting and drying irrigation（W2）and wet irrigation（W3）significantly reduced the NH₃ volatilization rate as well as the accumulation of NH₃ volatilization.5.Under the conditions of this experiment,the NH₄⁺-N concentration of paddy soil was higher than the NO₃^--N concentration.Among the three irrigation modes,the highest NH₄⁺-N concentration and NO₃^--N concentration were found under F2（base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=40%:50%:10%）at 0～20 cm and 20～40 cm of paddy soil at the tillering stage.The paddy soil NO₃^--N concentration showed a decreasing and then increasing trend under alternate wetting and drying irrigation（W2）for all combinations of nitrogen application treatments.更多还原