【作者】 杨冰；

【导师】 谢登科；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 最佳证据规则是英美法系古老的证据规则,源起于英国古代的“文书审”,伴随着时代发展,最佳证据规则也发生变革,到了现代社会,最佳证据规则仍然发挥着作用。最佳证据规则的理论基础相对简单:一是复制件可能会出现不准确的危险,其真实性、可靠性不如原件;二是相比与文书内容的口头陈述,文书更加可靠;三是原件除了比复制件更为可靠外,还具有许多复制件所没有包含的内容;四是出示原件可以预防欺诈或者防止有意或者无意提交有错误或者遗漏的复制件。最佳证据规则的内容是以出示原件为原则,出示复制件为例外。步入了网络信息时代,出现了电子数据这一新的证据种类。因为电子数据诸多特点不同于传统证据,使得最佳证据规则适用于电子数据时产生了许多问题。电子数据因其虚拟性、科技性、脆弱性、易逝性、系统性、无损复制性与无限快速传播性等特征对传统的最佳证据规则中原件认定标准产生了冲击,出现电子数据原件的认定障碍:比如电子数据原件与复制件界限模糊、电子数据原件与复制件证明力趋同化、电子数据证据信息与载体的可分性、云电子数据原件不复存在等等。为了解决电子数据原件认定标准问题,出现了拟制原件说、功能等同说、原始载体说、复式原件说、结合打印说等学说。在上述几种学说中,拟制原件说通过相关法律规定将部分与原件一致的复制件视为原件,既拓宽了电子数据原件的范围,又限制了电子数据原件范围的无限扩张,更符合当下的时代背景。电子数据语境下最佳证据规则的具体内涵发生变化,最佳证据规则的“原件”既包括电子数据原件,又包括电子数据拟制原件。电子数据原件除了电子数据原件认定标准问题外,还面临着部分外部因素的影响。例如证据从生成到法庭呈现中间的取证过程,电子数据因其虚拟性及其他不同于传统证据的特征使得电子数据取证不同于传统的取证方式。电子数据取证可以分为“一体收集”、“单独提取”、“转化收集”三种模式。在电子数据取证三种模式中,从积极影响来看,“一体收集”模式更有利于保障电子数据原件及其认定。“单独提取”模式通常主要拷贝、复制电子数据,这会产生原件认定问题,而“转化收集”模式所得到往往是复制件,应当注意复制件的法律性质及其审查认定。司法工作人员对电子数据认知的局限性和对电子数据审查认定过大的自由裁量权,也影响着电子数据最佳证据规则的适用。为了完善电子数据最佳证据规则,打造了电子数据“最佳”梯度规则,通过例外情形的设定来构建证据能力门槛,通过设立电子数据的“最佳”梯度划定了电子数据原件、电子数据拟制原件、推断真实的电子数据、效力待定的电子数据四层电子数据证明力梯度,并辅以举证责任分配。为了完善电子数据最佳证据规则及其司法适用,在审查规则方面增添了实质性审查与复制件的审查规则,对于外部因素更加关注司法资源局限性方面,加强对司法工作人员的专业技术培训。更多还原

【Abstract】 The best evidence rule is an ancient rule of evidence in the common law system,originating from the ancient British "paper trial",along with the development of the times,the best evidence rule also changed,to the modern society,the best evidence rule still plays a role.The theoretical basis of the best evidence rule is relatively simple: first,the copy may appear inaccurate danger,its authenticity,reliability is not as good as the original;second,compared with the oral statement of the content of the document,the document is more reliable;third,the original is more reliable than the copy,but also has many copies of the content does not contain;four is the production of the original can prevent fraud or to prevent the intentional or unintentional submission of errors or omissions of the copy.Fourth,the production of an original can prevent fraud or the intentional or unintentional submission of a copy with errors or omissions.The content of the best evidence rule is to produce the original as the principle,the production of copies as an exception.Into the network information age,the emergence of electronic evidence,a new type of evidence.Because of the many characteristics of electronic evidence is different from traditional evidence,so that the best evidence rule applies to electronic evidence has created many problems.Electronic evidence because of its virtual,scientific and technological,vulnerability,perishable,systematic,non-destructive reproduction and unlimited rapid dissemination of characteristics of the traditional rules of the best evidence of the original determination of the impact of the standard,the emergence of the electronic evidence of the original determination of the obstacles:such as the original and the copy of electronic evidence and copy fuzzy boundaries,the original and the copy of the electronic evidence and the copy of the convergence of the electronic evidence and the carrier of the electronic evidence evidence of the information and the divisibility of cloud electronic evidence and the original no longer exist.The original electronic evidence no longer exists and so on.In order to solve the problem of electronic evidence original determination standard,the proposed original,integrity protection,original carrier,duplicate original,combined with printing doctrine.In the above several doctrines,the proposed original said through the relevant legal provisions will be part of the original and the original copy of the same as the original,not only to broaden the scope of the original electronic evidence,but also to limit the scope of the original electronic evidence unlimited expansion,more in line with the current times.Electronic evidence in the context of the specific connotation of the best evidence rules have changed,the best evidence rules of the "original" includes both the original electronic evidence,including electronic evidence to make the original.In addition to the electronic evidence original electronic evidence original determination of the standard problem,but also faced with the impact of some external factors.For example,the evidence from the generation to the court presented in the middle of the forensic process,electronic evidence due to its virtual and other characteristics different from traditional evidence makes electronic evidence forensics is different from traditional forensic methods.Electronic evidence forensics can be divided into "one collection","separate extraction","transformation collection" three modes.Among the three modes of electronic evidence forensics,from the perspective of positive impact,the "one collection" mode is more conducive to safeguarding the original electronic evidence and its identification.The "separate extraction" mode usually mainly copies and reproduces electronic evidence,which will give rise to the problem of recognizing the originals,while the "transformed collection" mode often obtains copies,and attention should be paid to the legal nature of the copies and their examination and recognition.The limitations of judicial staff’s knowledge of electronic evidence and their excessive discretionary power to examine and determine electronic evidence also affect the application of the best evidence rule for electronic evidence.In order to improve the electronic evidence best evidence rules,to create the electronic evidence "best" gradient rules,through the setting of exceptions to build the threshold of evidence capacity,through the establishment of electronic evidence best evidence of the "best" gradient delineation of electronic evidence,electronic evidence,the original,the proposed original,the presumption of authenticity of the original,the presumption of authenticity of the original,the proposed original,the presumption of authenticity of the original.Through the establishment of the electronic evidence best evidence "best" gradient delineated the electronic evidence original,electronic evidence original,presumed real electronic evidence,the effectiveness of the electronic evidence to be determined by the four layers of electronic evidence proof gradient,and supplemented by the burden of proof allocation.In order to improve the best evidence of electronic evidence and its judicial application,the rules of substantive review and review of copies have been added to the rules of review,and more attention has been paid to external factors in terms of the limitations of judicial resources and the strengthening of professional and technical training for judicial staff.更多还原