【作者】 刘世峰；

【导师】 高申春；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 外国哲学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 叔本华是首位将意志提升到本体论地位的哲学家,开创了唯意志主义的先河,他将世界划分为两面,一面是表象,另一面是意志,而意志就是自在之物,他在对意志的深入探讨和发掘中,看到了人的尴尬处境,试图为人寻找到一条救赎之路。叔本华批判继承了康德的思想,提出自在之物即意志,影响了继叔本华以后的西方哲学由认识论向意志论或生命哲学的转变。叔本华重提自在之物的问题,其目的在于解决康德所遗留下的矛盾,沿着客观知识,以科学知识为依据,就只能停留在事物之外不能获得关于事物本质的知识。叔本华宣称自己哲学的全部任务就是要回答自在之物是什么的问题,在康德哲学批判继承的基础上,建立积极的形而上学。叔本华认为只有通过直观的方式才能避免外部认识中的限制,从而真正认识自在之物,而这个媒介就是身体,身体具有身体活动与意志活动两方面,身体活动是意志活动的可见性。意志直接外现于身体,这就解决了认识自在之物的途径问题,借助于理念,通过意志客体化解释表象与意志的关系问题,断言自在之物即意志,建立起意志的形而上学,然而他的形而上学体系遭到了后世很多学者的批评,认为其形而上学思想缺乏严谨性。叔本华从个人的考察出发,已经得到身体与意志的统一这个观点,他开始对整个自然界进行考察,动物和植物也有意志,其体现为求生存,因此称之为生命意志。叔本华是在试图为万物生长及其发生的行为提供一个设想。在叔本华看来,既然外部原因无法对此给出合理的解释说明,那么就只能诉诸生命意志内部,即生命意志自身,叔本华的关注点转向了人自身。对于自由的问题,他认为,自由绝不涉足表象界,自由仅存在于意志的世界。人的种种行为都是有缘由的,是有迹可循的,由不可改变的性格加之意识背后的动机两者共同作用下产生的,他宣称人的一切行为都是注定的,对于个体的人来说,自由意志是不存在的。然而,人却是意志最为完善的现象,意志可以实现完全的自我理解,可以清楚透彻地了解自身的性质和这种性质在世界范围内的体现方式,承认苦难不可避免,但恰恰生命意志本身就决定着世间的痛苦,说明生命意志走向的道路并不正确,人必须在这一苦痛中觉醒并走向否定生命意志以实现救赎。正因此,意志的盲目求生存使得叔本华陷入矛盾的困境,由意志的肯定转向了否定。意志的否定这一思想历程深刻激励着后来西方哲学针对传统哲学中有关于人的思想的深入思考和批判,在哲学历史上极大推动了后世哲学家对于生命和人自身的思考,推动了现代人本主义的开端与发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Schopenhauer was the first philosopher who elevated the will to the status of ontology and pioneered the doctrine of volitism.He divided the world into two sides,one being representation and the other being will,and will being the thing in-itself.In his in-depth exploration of will,he saw the embarrassing situation of humans and attempted to find a path of redemption for them.Schopenhauer criticized and inherited Kant’s ideas,proposing that the thing in-itself is the will,which influenced the transformation of Western philosophy from epistemology to volitionalism or philosophy of life after Schopenhauer.Schopenhauer revisited the problem of the thing in-itself with the aim of resolving the contradictions left by Kant.Following objective knowledge and based on scientific knowledge,one can only stay outside of things and cannot obtain knowledge about their essence.Schopenhauer claimed that the entire task of his philosophy was to answer the question of what the thing in-itself is,and to establish a positive metaphysics based on Kantian philosophical criticism and inheritance.Schopenhauer believed that only through intuitive means can we avoid the limitations of external knowledge and truly understand the thing in-itself,and this medium is the body,which has two aspects of physical activity and volitional activity,and physical activity is the visibility of volitional activity.The will appears directly in the body,which solves the problem of the way to understand the thing in-itself,explains the relationship between the representation and the will through the objectification of the will by means of the idea,asserts that thing in-itself is the will,and establishes the metaphysics of the will.However,his metaphysics system has been criticized by many later scholars,who believe that his metaphysical thinking lacks rigor.Schopenhauer,starting from personal examination,has already obtained the viewpoint of the unity of body and will.He began to investigate the entire nature,and animals and plants also have will,which is reflected in the pursuit of survival,hence it is called the will to life.Schopenhauer was attempting to provide an idea for the growth and behavior of all things.In Schopenhauer’s view,since it is difficult to use external reasons,we can only resort to the internal will of life,which is the will of life itself.Schopenhauer’s focus shifted to the individual.Regarding the issue of freedom,he believed that freedom never ventured into the realm of representation,and that freedom only existed in the world of will.Human behavior is generated by the combined force of fixed personality and emerging consciousness.Because of this,he claims that all actions are predetermined,and for individuals,free will does not exist.However,humans are the most perfect phenomenon of the will,the will can achieve a complete self-understanding,a clear and thorough understanding of its own nature and the way in which this nature is manifested in the world,the recognition that suffering is inevitable,but it is precisely the will of life itself that determines the suffering of the world,indicating that the path of the will of life is not correct.Humans must awaken in this pain and move towards the denial of the will to life in order to achieve salvation.Therefore,from the positive will to the negative,the blind survival of the will makes Schopenhauer into a contradictory dilemma.The ideological process of the negation of the will deeply inspired the later western philosophy to think deeply and criticize the thought of humans in the traditional philosophy,greatly promoted the later philosophers’ thinking about life and man himself in the history of philosophy,and promoted the beginning and development of modern humanism.更多还原