【作者】 刘璐；

【导师】 张传新；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 经验法则是人们从实践中归纳总结出的具有盖然性的规律或知识,盖然性是其最突出,也是最鲜明的特征。经验法则的盖然性决定了经验法则具有不确定性,这种不确定性主要体现在其推理过程上,涉及经验法则的推理是一种似真推理,其推理结论具有似真性,对经验法则的研究正是围绕着控制其不确定性,提高其结论的似真性而展开。经验法则在刑事诉讼中的应用相对于民事诉讼来说较为局限,但近年来,刑事司法实践的进一步尝试为经验法则的研究提供了大量珍贵样本,同时,新证据学的进一步发展、认知科学的进一步探索揭开了自由心证的神秘面纱,使之走向科学化研究阶段,这都为经验法则在刑事诉讼领域的研究与应用提供了更多可能。从中国裁判文书网所载的裁判文书来看,经验法则在刑事诉讼事实认定过程中的应用已并不罕见,其通常被用来判断证据的要素属性、验证案件事实、佐证案件事实、确定案件事实的性质,有时还可以被用于判断因果关系或进行事实的推定等,由此可见,经验法则为刑事诉讼事实认定过程提供了强有力的帮助。然而,经验法则的盖然性特征也使得其应用出现了许多问题,实践中存在着经验法则应用缺位、应用经验法则的过程缺乏论证阐释、误用甚至错用经验法则的现象,这都为刑事司法事实认定埋下了极大的隐患。学界对经验法则应用问题原因之分析大多只及于表面,而难以触及根本,经验法则的应用过程会出现上述这些问题,有更深层次的原因:首先,经验法则的盖然性程度具有相对性,取决于案件类型和案件环境;其次,涉及经验法则的推理过程呈现出单一性,与案件事实认定的复杂性不相适应;再次,经验法则具有隐蔽性,难以被发现或直接应用;最后,经验法则具有主观性,易受到非理性因素的制约。目前,针对经验法则应用所提出的相关建议,大多集中于诉讼程序保障层面,然而,要想真正解决经验法则应用的问题,更应立基于经验法则的盖然性这一鲜明特征与法官的法律论证这一基本过程,从学理和法理两个维度上对经验法则之应用加以控制。首先,从学理维度上看,一要对经验法则进行类型化区分,规范经验法则的应用标准,二要构建论证型式,寻找经验与逻辑的最佳契合点。其次,从制度规范维度上看,一要弥补立法缺陷,为经验法则的应用提供法律支持,二要完善司法制度,引导法官正确应用经验法则。更多还原

【Abstract】 The law of general experience is a law or knowledge with probability summarized by people from practice,and probability is its most prominent and distinctive feature.The probability of general experience determines the law of general experience has uncertainty,this uncertainty is mainly reflected in the reasoning process,involving the law of general experience is a kind of plausible reasoning,the conclusion of its reasoning has plausibility,the study of the law of general experience is centered around the control of its uncertainty,to improve the plausibility of its conclusions and to carry out.The application of the law of general experience in criminal proceedings is relatively limited compared to civil proceedings,but in recent years,the further attempts of criminal justice practice have provided a large number of valuable samples for the study of the law of general experience,at the same time,the further development of new evidential science,cognitive science,further exploration of the free evidence of the mystery of the veil,so that it goes to the stage of scientific research,which is for the law of general experience in the field of criminal proceedings in the study and application provide more possibilities.This has provided more possibilities for the research and application of rules of thumb in the field of criminal procedure.Judging from the judgment documents contained in the China Judgement Documents Website,the application of the law of general experience in the process of criminal procedure fact-finding is not rare,and it is usually used to judge the elemental attributes of the evidence,verify the facts of the case,corroborate the facts of the case,determine the nature of the facts of the case,and it can be used to determine the causality or to carry out the presumption of the facts,which has provided a powerful help for the process of criminal procedure fact-finding.However,the probability of general experience of the law of experience also leads to its application process has also shown many problems,in practice,there is a lack of application of the law of experience,the application of the law of experience of the process of the lack of argumentation and interpretation,misuse or even the wrong use of the law of experience of the phenomenon,which is for the criminal justice of fact-finding buried a great hidden danger.Academics on the application of the law of general experience on the problem of retrospective analysis of most of the surface,but difficult to touch the root of the application of the law of general experience in the process of the emergence of these problems,there are deeper reasons:first,the law of general experience has a hidden,difficult to be found or directly applied;Second,the law of general experience has a subjective nature,vulnerable to irrational factors of the constraints;again,the degree of probability of the law of general experience of the degree of relative.It depends on the type of case and the environment of the case;finally,the reasoning process involving the law of general experience presents a unitary nature,which is incompatible with the complexity of the factual determination of the case.Currently,most of the suggestions for the application of the law of general experience are focused on the procedural safeguard level,however,to overcome the above problems of the law of general experience,it should be based on the distinctive feature of the probability of the law of general experience and the basic process of the judge’s legal argumentation,and control the application of the law of general experience from the two dimensions of the doctrine and jurisprudence.First of all,from the academic dimension:first,the law of general experience should be differentiated by type,standardize the application of the law of general experience;second,build the argumentation type,to find the best fit between experience and logic.Secondly,from the perspective of institutional norms:first,we should make up for legislative deficiencies and provide legal support for the application of rules of thumb;second,we should improve the judicial system and guide judges to correctly apply rules of general experience.更多还原