【作者】 张腾；

【导师】 刘晓艺；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 莎士比亚笔下的凯撒自称左耳耳聋。然而,就学界已知范围内,既往所有关于凯撒形象的历史书写与文学建构中,从未有文献记载凯撒有一只聋耳。可以说,这是莎士比亚的有意发明。它从何而来、有何表现、有无深意?自19世纪以来,学界逐渐关注到凯撒的“聋耳”问题,并尝试从不同角度发微见义。取其核心观点为名,可分别概括为“疾病说”“有朽说”和“双关说”。“疾病说”专研凯撒其人的生理问题,“有朽说”关注莎士比亚对凯撒的去神圣化书写,“双关说”则聚焦于“左”与“右/正确”(right)的文字游戏。这些说法各有得失,值得参考。本文在反思前说的基础上,以《凯撒》为中心,以普鲁塔克《希腊罗马名人传》(诺斯爵士 1579年英译本)为辅助,并对读《亨利五世》《哈姆雷特》《科利奥兰纳斯》等具有时空相关性的其他莎剧,试作一解答,以期有叩显开隐之效。全文分为三个章节:首章从莎剧创作的视角出发,以普鲁塔克《亚历山大传》和柏拉图《理想国》第六卷为例分析《凯撒》中“聋耳”的渊源,并结合其他莎剧和文艺复兴时期的英格兰谚语,归纳出作为隐喻的“聋耳”所蕴含的辩证义项和认知结构。次章从凯撒的视角出发,引入空间政治理论与“国王二体”拟制,分析凯撒如何将自身的双耳拆分为不容异见的“聋耳”与听取谏言的“聪耳”,以此来分割公共与私人-政治空间,实现其神圣化的自我设计;并对观《凯撒》与《亨利五世》,还原国王从“聋耳”(附着于神圣的“政治之体”)转向“聪耳”(附着于有朽的“自然之体”)的祛魅心路。末章从布鲁图斯的视角出发,分析凯撒的“聋耳”所引发的政体疾病以及共和派的治疗行动,廓清“政治之体”概念在共和派与凯撒的国家想象中的内涵变易,揭示双方趋向极端化后形成的征服-复仇回环;试图阐明:莎士比亚在《凯撒》中以亦聋亦聪的耳朵隐喻回应了古典传统中亦医亦毒的“言辞-药物”隐喻,既袪魅了神圣王权,又暴露了共和派内部的自我失序,显示出一种超历史的诗性直觉。本文的结论是:“聋耳”是一种具有辩证义项的隐喻模型,包含着人类共同经验中对“自我-他者”关系的认识结构。“聋耳”隐喻贯穿着剧中帝制复苏和共和制式微两条线索。一方面,它隐喻着不容置喙的绝对正义,是王权走向神圣化的过程中所必需的形象设计;另一方面,“聋耳”也隐喻着共和国最高权力对民众意志的抗拒(“头”对其他身体器官的抗拒),是共和国“政治之体”病笃的表征。追问“聋耳”问题,可以察见《凯撒》中的政治哲学与现实关切。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shakespeare’s Caesar claimed to be deaf in his left ear.However,as far as is known,in all previous historical and literary writing on the figure of Caesar,it has never been documented that Caesar had a deaf ear,which was arguably Shakespeare’s design.Where did it come from,how does it manifest itself,and does it have a deeper meaning?Since the 19th century,scholars have gradually paid attention to the question of Caesar’s"deaf ear" and tried to make sense of it from different perspectives.Taking the core ideas as their names,they can be summarised as the "Disease Theory",the "Mortality Theory" and the"Pun Theory".The"Disease Theory"focuses on the physical problems of Caesar as a living person,the"Mortality Theory" on Shakespeare’s de-sacralisation of Caesar,and the "Pun Theory"focuses on the wordplay of "left" and "right"(proper/not left).Each of these arguments are worth considering.On the basis of reflecting on what has been studied before,this thesis takes Julius Caesar as its central text,Plutarch’s Lives(Sir Thomas North’s English translation of 1579)as a secondary text,and tries to provide an answer through comparative reading of other Shakespeare plays with temporal and spatial relevance,such as Henry V,Hamlet,Coriolanus,etc.The thesis consists of three chapters:The first chapter analyses the origins of the "deaf ear"in Julius Caesar from the perspective of Shakespeare’s dramatic writing,taking Plutarch’s The Life of Alexander and Plato’s The Republic(Book VI)as examples,and summarises the dialectical terms and cognitive structure of the "deaf ear" as a metaphor in the context of other Shakespearean plays and English proverbs of the Renaissance,The second chapter introduces the theory of spatial politics and the "king’s two bodies"from Caesar’s point of view,analysing how Caesar divides his ears into the "deaf ear" that does not tolerate dissent and the "healthful ear" that listens to advice,so as to divide the public and private-political spaces to achieve his sanctified self-design.By comparing Julius Caesar and Henry V,it is possible to reconstruct the king’s psychological journey of disenchantment from the "deaf ear"(attached to the sacred"Body Politic")to the "healthful ear"(attached to the mortal "Body Natural").From Brutus;s perspective,the last chapter analyses the political illness caused by Caesar’s deafness and the Republican’s therapeutic action,clarifies the change of connotation of the concept of "body politic" in the national imaginations of the Republicans and Caesar,and reveals the conquest-vengeance loop formed by the extremes of both sides;and tries to clarify that Shakespeare,with the ear metaphor that are both able to be deaf and healthful,responds to the "logos-phamarkon" metaphor of classical tradition which is both healing and poisonous.This approach,which both disenchants the divine kingship and exposes the republican’s internal disorder,reveals a transhistorical poetic intuition.The conclusion of this thesis is that "deaf ear" is a metaphorical model with dialectical terms that encompasses the structure of the understanding of the "self-other" relationship in the common experience of human beings.The deaf ear metaphor runs through the two threads of the play,the revival of the imperial system and the decline of the republic.On the one hand,it is a metaphor for the absolute justice that cannot be questioned,which is the necessary image design as the apotheosis of the kingship;on the other hand,the deaf ear is also a metaphor for the supreme power of the republic’s resistance to the will of the people(the resistance of the "head" to the other organs of the body),which is a symptom of the sickness of the Republic’s "body politic".Inquiring into Caesar’s deaf ear,we can see the political philosophy and practical concerns in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar.更多还原