【作者】 张晓；

【导师】 王强；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 生物与医药硕士（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 研究背景与目的山药(Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow)是一种重要的药食同源原料,富含多种营养及活性成分,如氨基酸、蛋白质、多糖、腺苷、微量元素等,对增强免疫、调节脾胃和延缓衰老等有着重要的药理作用。山药目前在河南、山东、河北和山西等地均有种植,以河南焦作产的怀山药为道地药材。道地怀山药与其他山药之间的代谢物差异以及鉴别方法未见文献报道。山药豆又名零余子,《本草拾遗》(唐,陈藏器)中记载“晒干功用强于薯蓣”,《本草纲目》(明,李时珍)中记载“煮熟去皮食之,胜于山药,美于芋子”,也未见有文献报道山药和山药豆营养成分及代谢物的差别。因此,本文拟对道地铁棍山药和其他地区种植山药、山药和山药豆中代谢物的差异进行研究,以期找到道地怀山药产地溯源的方法,确定山药豆中的营养成分,同时比较不同处理方法对山药等根茎类食物中化学成分的影响,为该类产品的深入开发提供理论依据。研究方法(1)本文以河南焦作地区和山东、山西产铁棍山药、其他品种山药,同一块土地中山药和山药豆为研究对象,利用核磁共振氢谱结合主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)等多元统计分析对山药、山药豆中的化学成分进行了指认、归属及相对含量比较。(2)采用冻干(Lyophilization)、烘干(Hot air)、晒干(Sunshine)、煮熟(Boiling)、蒸熟(Steaming)以及多种组合加工方法处理了6种根茎类食物,以探究有效富集γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的方法;并通过高血压大鼠模型,对富含GABA山药的降压效果进行了初步评价。(3)利用全谱去卷积(global spectral deconvolution,GSD)的算法结合定量核磁共振氢谱,来寻找简单、快速、准确的定量山药中GABA的方法。研究结果(1)在温县、陈集、永济、闻喜铁棍山药和鸡皮糙、西施、小白嘴、紫药等八种山药中,温县铁棍山药的亮氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸、柠檬酸、天冬氨酸和胆碱含量最高,葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量最低,液相色谱检测也证实了这一结果。(2)在焦作四地区(温县、孟州、武陟、沁阳)七种铁棍山药中,孟州垆土山药中的谷氨酰胺和苏氨酸含量最高;温县垆土山药的蔗糖含量最低,精氨酸含量最高;武陟沙土山药中尿囊素含量最高;温县沙土山药中的苹果酸、丙氨酸含量最高;垆土地山药中2-羟基异丁酸含量均低于沙土地山药。7种铁棍山药中葡萄糖和果糖含量均低于液相色谱检出限(2.0 mg/g)。(3)来自温县同一块田地的山药和山药豆中,烘干山药中的延胡索酸,烘干和蒸熟的山药中两种氨基酸(丙氨酸和GABA),蒸熟山药中的苹果酸含量高于山药豆。除此之外,山药豆中其他代谢物含量均高于山药。(4)与未处理山药相比,低温烘干法处理山药中GABA的含量提高了8倍。晒干或低温烘干的芋头中GABA的含量分别提高了13和28倍。冻干不能增加根茎类食物中的GABA含量。(5)定量核磁共振氢谱(q NMR)结合全谱去卷积(GSD)算法计算得到的山药中GABA含量与液相色谱法检测结果基本一致。(6)低温烘干山药粉高血压大鼠实验结果显示,从首次治疗至治疗2周,阳性对照及高剂量治疗组收缩压和舒张压显著低于模型组(P<0.05),且高剂量组降压效果与阳性对照组接近。研究结论果糖和葡萄糖含量可以作为道地铁棍山药与其它山药的鉴别依据,四氮唑的碱性溶液可以作为道地铁棍山药的快速鉴别试剂;山药豆营养价值确实优于山药,且山药豆蒸熟能够有效提高其中的多巴胺含量;低温烘干或者晒干能够有效提高根茎类食物中GABA的含量,低温烘干的山药粉具有一定的降血压效果;定量核磁共振(q NMR)结合全谱去卷积算法(GSD)能够快速准确定量山药中的GABA,该方法也适用于其他中草药或食品中代谢物的快速定量。更多还原

【Abstract】 Background and purposeYam(Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow)is an important raw material for medicine and food,rich in a variety of nutrients and active ingredients,such as polysaccharides,proteins,amino acids,trace elements,adenosine,etc.It has important pharmacological effects on regulating the spleen and stomach,enhancing immunity,and delaying aging.Yam is currently cultivated in Henan,Shandong,Shanxi and Hebei,with Jiaozuo in Henan Province as the authentic herb.However,the differences in metabolites and the identification methods between Authentic Huai yam and other yams have not been reported in the literature.Yam bulbils,also known as Ling Yu Zi,are recorded in the Materia Medica Gleanings(Tang,Chen Zangqi)as"stronger than Dioscorea opposita in sun-drying"and in the Materia Medica Compendium(Ming,Li Shizhen)as"better than yam and taro when cooked and eaten with the skin removed".The difference in nutritional composition and metabolites between yam and yam bulbils has not been reported in the literature.Therefore,this paper investigates the chemical composition in yam and yam bulbils and processes yam using various processing methods in order to provide a theoretical basis for further development of yam products.Methods(1)In this paper,we studied the chemical composition of yam and yam bulbils in Jiaozuo region,Henan Province,Shandong Province and Shanxi Province by using multivariate statistical analysis such as nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis(PCA)and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA).(2)Six rhizomes were treated with Lyophilization,Hot air,Sunshine,Boiling,Steaming and various combinations of processing methods to investigate the effective enrichment of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA);and the antihypertensive effect of GABA-enriched yam was evaluated in a hypertensive rat model.(3)The global spectral deconvolution(GSD)algorithm combined with quantitative NMR hydrogen spectroscopy was used to find a simple,rapid and accurate method for quantifying GABA in yam.Results(1)Among the eight types of yams,including Wenxian,Chenji,Yongji,Wenxi Tiegun yam and Jipicao,Xishi,Xiaobaizui and Ziyao yam,Wenxian Tiegun yam had the lowest glucose,fructose and sucrose content,and leucine,threonine,arginine,glutamic acid,aspartic acid,citric acid and choline were the highest.The results of liquid chromatography also confirmed that the content of sucrose,glucose and fructose in Wenxian Tiegun yam was the lowest,and glucose and fructose were even below the detection limit of liquid chromatography.(2)Among the seven types of Tiegun yam in the four regions of Jiaozuo(Wenxian,Mengzhou,Wuzhi and Qinyang),Wenxian Loessial soil yam yam has the highest arginine content and the lowest sucrose content;threonine and glutamine content were the highest in Mengzhou Loessial soil yam;alanine and malic acid content were the highest in Wenxian sandy soil yam;allantoin in Wuzhi sandy soil yam The content of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid in sandy yam was higher than that in Loessial soil yam.The glucose and fructose contents in all seven types of Tiegun yams were below the detection limit of liquid chromatography(2.0 mg/g).(3)Yams and yam bulbils from the same field in Wenxian County,ferredoxin acid in dried yam,Two amino acids(alanine and GABA)in dried and steamed yam,and malic acid in steamed yam were higher than that in yam bulbils.Other than that,all other metabolites were higher in yam bulbils than in yams and liquid chromatography showed that the dopamine content in steamed yam and yam bulbils was 20.77 and 37.06 mg/kg.(4)The content of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in yams treated with low-temperature drying method was increased eight-fold compared with untreated yams.The content of GABA in sun-dried or low-temperature-dried taro was increased by 13 and 28 times.Lyophilization does not increase the GABA content in root foods.(5)Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy(q NMR)combined with full-spectrum deconvolution(GSD)algorithm can effectively perform accurate testing of GABA content in yam.(6)The experimental results of low temperature drying yam powder hypertensive rats showed that from the first treatment to 2 weeks of treatment,the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of positive control and high dose treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the model group(P<0.05),and no significant rebound of blood pressure was observed in the administered group compared with the model control group after 1 week of drug discontinuation.ConclusionThe fructose and glucose content can be used as the basis for differentiation of authentic Tiegun yam from other yams,and the alkaline solution of tetrazolium can be used as a rapid identification reagent for authentic Tiegun yam;the nutritional value of yam bulbil is indeed better than yams,and yam bulbil steamed can effectively increase the dopamine content;low-temperature drying or sun-drying can effectively increase the content of GABA in root foods,and low-temperature drying of yam powder has a certain effect of lowering blood pressure.Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance(q NMR)combined with a full-spectrum deconvolution algorithm(GSD)can rapidly and accurately quantify GABA in yam,and the method is also applicable to the rapid quantification of metabolites in other herbal medicines or foods.更多还原