【作者】 刘杰；

【导师】 胡昂；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 风景园林学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 生态系统服务(ES)不仅为人类供应各种生态产品,还承载着社会生产与生活的环境要素,为人类健康福祉提供持续效益。但是,生态系统的服务功能受土地利用变化的直接影响,并在城镇化急剧扩张与土地开发过程中遭受破坏,进而威胁到社会生态文明建设。四川省是长江及黄河上游流域重要的水资源涵养区与补给区,生态战略地位尤其重要。然而,面对城镇化开发、气候变化、资源约束等问题不断突出,生态风险发生的概率剧增,环境治理与生态修复依然面临挑战。如何统筹社会经济发展与生态安全建设,防控生态风险的负面效应,促进生态价值提升,成为区域高质量发展的关键性问题。在此背景之下,本研究根据土地利用改变对ES的结构与功能产生影响,生态系统服务价值(ESV)降低,引发景观生态风险。因而提出对四川省景观生态风险进行评价,并制定合理的分区管控策略,以维护地区生态安全。因此,本研究基于生态系统服务、景观生态与规划的理论背景,以四川省为研究区,依托Arc GIS、Conefor Sensinode、Geo Da、Fragstats、Origin等软件平台与技术,以2000、2005、2010、2015、2018年5期30米精度土地利用数据为基础,分析土地利用时空变化,核算四川省的ESV,构建基于生态系统服务价值的四川省景观生态风险评价框架;并以ESV与风险局部空间自相关聚集组合类型划分生态分区,从而制定分区管控策略。研究得到的主要结论如下:(1)在土地利用变化与ESV核算方面,土地利用动态变化显著,建设用地面积倍增;ESV总量先减后增再减,林地、草地对ESV贡献较大,调节服务功能的ESV最高。(1)耕地和草地的面积减少,耕地主要转为林地、建设用地;草地主要转为林地、未利用地。建设用地面积翻倍,主要由耕地、林地转入,其变化率最大,面积增速极快,城镇化的扩张效应明显。(2)2000、2005、2010、2015、2018年四川省ESV总量分别为9.523×1011元、9.515×1011元、9.570×1011元、9.567×1011元、9.485×1011元,呈先减后增再减的趋势。林地与草地二者ESV占比超过87%,对ESV总量起主导作用。(3)一级服务类型ESV的高低次序为调节服务>支持服务>供给服务>文化服务。二级服务类型为气候调节>水文调节>土壤保持>气体调节>生物多样性>净化环境>美学景观>食物生产>原料生产>维持养分循环>水资源供给。(2)在景观生态风险分布及变化特征方面,不同风险的等级逐步提升,呈现出“西高东低”,形成高等级风险从西往东压迫的格局。(1)低风险、较低风险面积减少,中等风险、较高风险、高风险增加,因而风险等级显著增高。低风险高密度区集中在川东平原,呈片状或散点状分布;较高风险和高风险高密度区集中在川西的甘孜州、阿坝州,多为片状分布。(2)低风险的重心集中在川东成都市和资阳市的边界上;较高风险的重心都集中在川西甘孜州;高风险的重心集中在甘孜州和成都市。较高风险呈现“西北-东南”方向格局。高风险接近“西-东”方向格局,方向格局逐步稳固。低风险呈现“西南-东北”方向格局。较低风险接近“南-北”方向格局。(3)在景观生态风险的空间相关性方面,风险自相关性显著,呈现高高聚集、低低聚集;ESV与景观生态风险存在一定的负相关性。(1)景观生态风险的Moran’s I指数在[0.594,0.662],风险呈现正相关性。“高-高”集聚区的分布在川西、川西北以及成都市中心城区。“低-低”集聚区域分布在川东平原区域,成片或较为零散的分布。(2)ESV与景观生态风险的Moran’s I指数在[-0.277,-0.242],二者有一定的负相关性。高ESV-高风险主要分布在川西甘孜州、阿坝州以及成都市中心城区外围区域。低ESV-高风险成片的分布在高ESV-高风险区的周边,尤其是在甘孜州。高ESV-低风险、低ESV-低风险主要分布在川东平原。(4)分区管控方面,生态分区结果包括生态涵养区,生态培育区,生态农业区,生态改良区4个一级分区,以及14个二级分区;策略主要以宏观省域和中观市域层面针对性提出:(1)省域层面,生态涵养区风险低,ESV高;实行重点保护、林地涵养为主,严防乱砍滥伐,保护物种多样性。生态培育区风险较低或聚集性不显著,ESV较高;实行生境优化,丰富地区景观类型,成为区域生态景观与资源典范区。生态农业区风险呈现高低错综分布,并且ESV较低,实施农业保护与发展策略,高标准农田建设,促进农业与产业现代化。生态改良区高风险聚集,ESV中等,针对性的开展生态修复和土地整治。(2)ii五大经济区层面,(1)成都平原经济区:成都、德阳、遂宁,推进农业规模化建设,提高耕地的食物生产的服务水平。联合各市域打造绿道生态网络,构建类型多样、功能齐全、形态丰富的城市绿地系统网络。绵阳、乐山、眉山,保障以岷江、涪江等沿山沿江生态系统安全屏障功能,打造农产品主产区。雅安应当加强土地生态整治与修复,自然保护地体系建设管理。资阳,开展沱江流域山水林田湖草生态修复保护工程,增强水利对农田灌溉的保障能力。(2)川南经济区:内江、自贡,发展优质第一产业,成为优质农产品基地。宜宾、泸州,发展休闲农业、乡村旅游、生态观光园等。(3)川东北经济区:广元、巴中、达州共同构筑秦巴山森林生态屏障,加强林地、河湖、湿地修复。广安、南充,加强森林、湿地、耕地等重要生态系统保护,推动流域生境优化。(4)攀西经济区:大小凉山生态走廊建设,发挥地区生态与资源优势。推进湿地、地质、森林公园建设。(5)川西北经济区:健全川西高原生态环境监测体系,建设重点污染源防控体系,构建全域生态旅游发展格局,实施耕地保护与优化工程,合理控制养殖业发展数量和规模。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ecosystem services(ES)not only supply human beings with a variety of ecological products,but also carry the environmental elements of social production and life,providing sustainable benefits for human health and well-being.However,the service functions of ecosystems are directly affected by land use changes that destroyed in the process of rapid urbanization and land development,which threatens the construction of social ecological civilization.Sichuan Province is an important water conservation and replenishment area in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River,so its ecological strategic position is particularly important.However,in the face of the continuous prominence of urbanization development,climate change,resource constraints and other issues,the probability of ecological risks has increased sharply.So that,environmental governance and ecological restoration still face challenges.How to coordinate social economic development and ecological security construction,to prevent and control the negative effects of ecological risks,and promote the improvement of ecological value,which has become a key issue for regional highquality development.In this context,land use change has an impact on the structure and function of ecosystem services,then the ESV decreases,causing landscape ecological risks.Thus,it is necessary to evaluate the ecological risks of landscapes in Sichuan Province,and put forward reasonable zoning control strategies to maintain regional ecological security.Therefore,based on the theoretical background of ecosystem services and Landscape ecology planning,this study takes Sichuan Province as the research area,relying on software platforms and technologies such as Arc GIS,Conefor Sensinode,Geo Da,Fragstats,origin,etc.First,analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of 30-meter precision land use data in 2000,2005,2010,2015 and 2018.Second,account for the ESV,and construct a landscape ecological risk assessment framework in Sichuan Province based on the ESV.Then,Ecological zoning is divided by the combination of local spatial autocorrelation aggregation of value and ecological risk,which is to formulate a zoning control strategy.The main conclusions of the study are as follows:In terms of land use change and ESV accounting,on the one hand,the dynamic change of land use is significant,and the area of construction land is doubled.On the other hand,the total amount of ESV is reduced first and then increased and decreased finally,forest land and grassland contribute more to ESV,and the ESV of the regulating service function are the highest.The area of cultivated land and grassland has decreased,and cultivated land has mainly been converted into forest land and construction land.Grassland has converted into forest land and unused land mainly.The area of construction land has doubled,mainly from cultivated land and forest land,and its rate of area growth is extremely fast,so the expansion effect of urbanization is obvious.In 2000,2005,2010,2015 and 2018,the total amount of ESV in Sichuan Province was 9.523×1011 yuan,9.515×1011 yuan,9.570×1011 yuan,9.567×1011 yuan,9.485×1011 yuan,showing a trend of first decreasing and then increasing and decreasing lastly.Woodland and grassland account for more than 87% of the ESV,which dominate the total amount of ESV.The order of the ESV of the first-level service type is to adjust service > support service> supply service> cultural service.As for the secondary service types,they are climate regulation> hydrological regulation> soil conservation> gas regulation>biodiversity> environmental purification> aesthetic landscape> food production> raw material production> maintain nutrient cycling > water supply.In terms of the distribution and change characteristics of landscape ecological risks,the different risks at each level is gradually increased,showing "high in the west and low in the east",forming a pattern of oppression of high-grade risks from west to east.The area of low risk,medium low risk decreased,but the medium risk,medium high risk and high risk increased,so the risk level increased significantly.Low-risk and high-density areas are concentrated in the eastern Sichuan Plain,which are scattered distribution.while medium high risk and high risk high-density areas are concentrated in Ganzi Prefecture and Aba Prefecture in western Sichuan,mostly in a patchy distribution.First,the low risk barycenter is focused on the border between the cities of Chengdu and Ziyang in eastern Sichuan.The medium high risk barycenter is focused on the Ganzi Prefecture in western Sichuan.The high risk barycenter is focused on Ganzi Prefecture and Chengdu.Second,the medium high risk shows a "northwestsoutheast" pattern,and the high risk is close to the "west-east" direction pattern which is gradually stabilized.Low risk presents a "southwest-northeast" pattern.The medium low risk is close to the "North-South" pattern.In terms of the spatial correlation of landscape ecological risks,the risk autocorrelation is significant,showing high-high aggregation and low-low aggregation;there is possible negative correlation between ESV and landscape ecological risk.The Moran’s I index of landscape ecological risk is at [0.594,0.662],which shows a positive correlation.The "high-high" agglomeration areas are distributed in western Sichuan,northwestern Sichuan and the downtown area of Chengdu.The "low-low" agglomeration area is distributed in the eastern Sichuan Plain area,in pieces or scattered distribution.The Moran’s I index of ESV and landscape ecological risk is at [-0.277,-0.242],which shows a possible negative correlation.High EVS-High risk is mainly distributed in Ganzi Prefecture,Aba Prefecture and the outer areas of Chengdu City Center.Low ESV-High risk patches are distributed around High EVS-High risk areas,especially in Ganzi Prefecture.High ESV-Low risk,Low ESV-Low risk are mainly distributed in the Eastern Sichuan Plain.In terms of zoning control,the results of ecological zoning include four kinds of first-level zoning and fourteen secondary partitions,that are ecological conservation area,ecological cultivation area,ecological agriculture area and ecological improvement area.The strategy is mainly proposed at the macro provincial and meso municipal levels.At the provincial level,the conservation areas is low risk and high ESV,which is need to implement key protection and woodland conservation mainly,prevent indiscriminate logging strictly and protect species diversity.The ecological cultivation areas have low risk or insignificant aggregation and high ESV,which should implement habitat optimization,enrich regional landscape types,then make it to be a model area for regional ecological landscapes and resources.The ecological agricultural area is intricately distributed with all levels risk and the ESV is low.which should implement agricultural protection and development strategies,build highstandard farmland,and promote the modernization of agriculture.The ecological improvement area has high risk aggregation and medium ESV,which should carry out targeted ecological restoration and land consolidation.At the level of the five major economic zones,in the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone,Chengdu,Deyang,Suining,need to promote the large-scale construction of agriculture,improve the service level of food production on cultivated land.Unite all cities to construct a greenway ecological network,and build a variety of types,complete functions,and rich forms of urban green space system.Mianyang,Leshan and Meishan need to ensure the safety barrier function of the ecosystem along the mountains and rivers such as the Minjiang River and the Fujiang River,to create the main production areas of agricultural products.Ya’an should strengthen the ecological improvement and restoration of land,and the construction and management of the system of natural protected areas.Ziyang,need to carry out the Tuojiang River Basin Landscape Lintian Lake Grass Ecological Restoration and Protection Project,to enhance the ability of water conservancy to ensure farmland irrigation.In the South Sichuan Economic Zone,Neijiang and Zigong should develope high-quality primary industries and become bases for high-quality agricultural products.Yibin and Luzhou should develop leisure agriculture,rural tourism,eco-tourism park,etc.In the Northeast Sichuan Economic Zone,Guangyuan,Bazhong and Dazhou should jointly built the ecological barrier of Qinba Mountain forest,and strengthen the restoration of woodland,rivers and lakes,wetlands.Guang’an and Nanchong should strengthen the protection of important ecosystems such as forests,wetlands and cultivated land,and promoted the optimization of river basin habitats.In the Panxi Economic Zone,it needs to carry out the construction of the Liangshan Ecological Corridor and give full play to the advantages of regional ecology and resources.Promote the construction of wetlands,geology and forest parks.In the Northwest Sichuan Economic Zone,it needs to improve the monitoring system of the ecological environment of the western Sichuan Plateau,build a key pollution source prevention and control system,construct a global eco-tourism development pattern,implement cultivated land protection and optimization projects,and control the number and scale of aquaculture development reasonablely.更多还原