【作者】 黄婷婷；

【导师】 周琛；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 法律（法学）， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来,我国医疗废物短期内暴增,武汉等重点地区废物日产生量一度超过医疗废物常规处置的4倍以上,医疗废物集中处置机构超负荷,给生态环境和人类生命健康带来极大的威胁。为了解决疫情期间医疗废物爆发式增长与医疗废物集中处置能力不足之间的对立问题,我国紧急修订、出台了许多法律文件,力图补齐医疗废物处置的法制短板。《中国环境司法发展报告(2020年)》也特别关注了医疗废物处置纠纷类案件的情况。我国医疗废物处置法律制度在此次疫情中有了快速长足地进步和发展,但实践中仍然存在一些需要改善的地方,比如相关行政法规未修改,回收处置立法、配套机制缺失,非法处置医疗废物的违法成本偏低等等。在此背景之下,笔者选择对医疗废物处置相关法律问题的国内外研究进行梳理及研究,分析我国现有医疗废物处置相关制度存在的不足,并尝试探索可行性完善举措,以期对我国医疗废物处置相关制度的改善有所帮助。本文除了引言之外,共分为四个部分:第一部分,对比国内外对医疗废物的概念、分类,指出应当根据各国国情和管理能力对医疗废物进行科学定义和分类。分析医疗废物的特点,从而进一步指出医疗废物规范处置的必要性;第二部分,介绍我国医疗废物处置的立法体系、基本原则、具体制度,并分析现存医疗废物立法、回收处置、处置收费、监管及法律责任制度的不足,以便后续“对症下药”,完善现有医疗废物处置制度;第三部分,着重介绍欧盟、日本、韩国医疗废物处置的概况,相应指出这些联盟或者国家现有医疗废物处置制度对我国的启示,为完善我国相关制度提供学习和借鉴;第四部分结合我国国情,提出完善我国医疗废物处置制度的对策、建议。首先,指出立法上应当以“国家+地方”的形式,全面规范医疗废物处置;注重医疗废物处置能力和技术的提升;统一回收处置费用。其次,牢牢贯彻循环绿色经济,加快回收处置立法。再次,完善医疗废物处置的监管,立法将相关单位强制纳入智能动态系统监管。引入公众参与制度及行业协会监督,内外合力,共促医疗废物处置的有序发展。最后,注重对非法处置医疗废物引发的环境侵权和环境犯罪的责任承担的完善,立足于提高违法成本。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the outbreak of COVID-19,my country’s medical waste has exploded in a short period of time.The daily amount of waste generated in key areas such as Wuhan once exceeded the conventional disposal of medical waste by more than 4 times.great threat.In order to solve the conflict between the explosive growth of medical waste and the lack of centralized medical waste disposal capacity during the epidemic,my country urgently revised and issued many legal documents,and urge to make up for the legal shortcomings of medical waste disposal.The Report on the Development of Environmental Justice in China(2020)also pays special attention to cases of disputes over the disposal of medical waste.my country’s legal system for medical waste disposal has made rapid progress and development in this epidemic,but there are still some areas that need to be improved in practice,such as relevant administrative regulations have not been revised,recycling and disposal legislation,lack of supporting mechanisms,illegal disposal of medical waste The cost of illegality is low,and so on.Under this background,the author chooses to sort out and study domestic and foreign studies on legal issues related to medical waste disposal,analyze the shortcomings of my country’s existing medical waste disposal systems,and try to explore feasible measures to improve medical waste in my country.Improvements in disposal-related regimes have helped.In addition to the introduction,this paper is divided into four parts:the first part compares the concept and classification of medical waste at home and abroad,and points out that medical waste should be scientifically defined and classified according to the national conditions and management capabilities of each country.Analyze the characteristics of medical waste,and further point out the necessity of standardized disposal of medical waste;the second part introduces the legislative system,basic principles and specific systems of medical waste disposal in my country,and analyzes the existing legislation,recycling and disposal,disposal fees,supervision and management of medical waste.and the deficiencies of the legal liability system,so as to "prescribe the right medicine" and improve the existing medical waste disposal system;the third part focuses on the general situation of medical waste disposal in the European Union,Japan and South Korea,and points out the existing medical waste disposal systems of these alliances or countries accordingly.The enlightenment to our country provides learning and reference for the improvement of our country’s relevant systems;the fourth part puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for improving our country’s medical waste disposal system in combination with our country’s national conditions.It is pointed out that the legislation should comprehensively regulate the disposal of medical waste in the form of "national+local";pay attention to the improvement of medical waste disposal capacity and technology;and unify the cost of recycling and disposal.Second,firmly implement the circular green economy and accelerate the recycling and disposal legislation.Third,to improve the supervision of medical waste disposal,the legislation will force relevant units to be included in the supervision of the intelligent dynamic system.Introduce the public participation system and the supervision of industry associations,and jointly promote the orderly development of medical waste disposal.Finally,focus on the improvement of the responsibility for environmental infringement and environmental crimes caused by the illegal disposal of medical waste,based on the increase of illegal costs.更多还原