【作者】 张芳；

【导师】 鲁长虎；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 野生动植物保护与利用， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 中国东部滨海湿地位于东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线上,是湿地鸟类重要的迁徙驿站和越冬地。东部沿海地区海域的围垦导致自然湿地严重退化和丧失,同时外来生物入侵、严重的水质污染、过度捕捞等导致湿地生境质量下降。盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区拥有我国最大的沿海滩涂湿地,是野生丹顶鹤种群最主要的越冬地,近年来的滩涂围垦等人类活动致使自然湿地生境缩小、破碎化程度加剧。人工湿地在一定程度上能够作为湿地鸟类的栖息地,研究人工湿地生境越冬鸟类群落结构及动态,对鸟类保护及自然保护区科学管理具有重要意义。在盐城自然保护区内水产养殖塘、退渔还湿、围垦湿地、生态恢复区四种典型人工湿地生境设置研究样地,分别于2017年11月至2018年3月,2018年11月至2019年3月,采用样点与样线相结合的方法,对越冬期湿地鸟类群落结构与动态进行了研究。主要研究结果如下:(1)人工养殖塘生境中越冬期共记录湿地鸟类6目12科47种,主要包括鸻鹬类、雁鸭类、鹭类、秧鸡类4个类群,优势种为白骨顶。退渔还湿生境中越冬期共记录湿地鸟类7目14科55种,主要包括雁鸭类、鸻鹬类、秧鸡类、鸬鹚类、鹭类5个类群,优势种有普通鸬鹚、白骨顶、反嘴鹬、红头潜鸭4种。两种生境的湿地鸟类种数月际变化范围不大,但密度月际变化差异较为明显,整体比较可见,退渔还湿生境中的湿地鸟类种数和密度均普遍高于水产养殖塘生境。人工养殖塘生境中以涉禽为主,退渔还湿生境中游禽和涉禽的占比相当,游禽略高。基于栖位行为的群落聚类分析,可将鸟类群落分为6个集团,在人工养殖塘生境中分布最多的为深水-觅食集团,其次为深水-休息集团;在退渔还湿生境中分布最多的为深水-觅食集团,其次为深水-休息集团。通过聚类中心可以发现湿地鸟类更偏好的生境为退渔还湿,且主要行为是觅食。(2)条子泥围垦生境越冬期共记录湿地鸟类6目12科68种,主要包括鸻鹬类、雁鸭类、鹭类、鸥类4个类群,优势种为白骨顶、普通鸬鹚、反嘴鹬、斑嘴鸭4种。与人工养殖塘和退渔还湿生境比,围垦生境中可以容纳更多种类的水鸟。两个越冬期条子泥鸟类种数整体平稳,密度月际变化波动较为明显,种数和密度的变化不完全同步;游禽、涉禽数量差异较大;两年越冬期3月份鸟类的种数较少,密度较低,但是多样性和均匀度最高。潮汐的落涨对围垦区鸟类种类、密度及多样性有一定的影响。(3)响水生态恢复区越冬期共记录湿地鸟类6目9科26种,主要包括鸻鹬类、雁鸭类、鹭类3个类群,优势种为苍鹭、织女银鸥、白鹭、绿头鸭4种。生态恢复区鸟类种数和密度显著低于养殖塘生境和围垦生境;游禽和涉禽所占比例大致相同,涉禽略高;多样性和均匀度均低于人工养殖塘生境、退渔还湿生境和围垦生境。基于栖位、行为的群落聚类分析,可将鸟类群落分为4个集团,分布最多的为浅水-休息集团,其次是浅水-觅食集团、深水-休息集团、深水-觅食集团、空中-飞行集团。通过聚类中心可以发现生态恢复区中鸟类更偏好在浅水区域活动。由于周边环境的干扰,水鸟多集中在塘中露出水面的斜坡土堆上,且距道路有一定距离。(4)四种人工生境对于鸟类的承载力不同。条子泥围垦生境因为具有食物资源丰富、人为干扰小的特点,承载力最好;退渔还湿养殖塘食物充足,且经过一段时期恢复自然生态,承载力次之;人工养殖塘生境的食物资源虽然丰富,但是在某些时期的人为干扰较大;生态恢复是一个长期过程,虽然在本研究中生态恢复区分布的鸟类种数较少,但是与退渔还湿和围垦生境的组成类群相似,承载力有很大的提升空间。更多还原

【Abstract】 The coastal wetlands of eastern China are lacated on the migratory bird routes of East Asia and Australia,is an important migratory post and wintering site for wetland birds.The reclamation of sea areas along the east coast has resulted in serious degradation and loss of natural wetlands,and biological invasion,serious water pollution and overfishing also drop the wetland habitat quality Yancheng national nature reserve of rare bird,the biggest coastal nature reserve of tidal flat and wetland in China,is the most important wintering ground for wild red-crowned cranes.In recent years,human activities such as beach reclamation have led to the shrinking of natural wetland habitats and the intensification of fragmentation.Artifical wetlands can serve as habitats for waterbirds to a certain extent,and research on bird community structure and dynamics in such wetlands is of great significance to bird protection and nature reserve management.Four typical artificial wetland habitats,aquaculture ponds,“recovered ponds”,Tiaozini reclamation and ecological restoration area were selected as the study sites in the reserve.Bird community structure and dynamics in artifical wetlands by sample point and line transect have been investigatedin two wintering periods,from Nov.2017 to Mar.2018,and Nov.2018 to Mar.2019 respectively.The main results are as follows:(1)The results indicated that in total 47 species of birds belong to 6 orders 12 families were recorded in the aquaculture ponds.Among them,mainly including four groups,dominant species was Fulica atra.The results indicated that in total 55 species of birds belong to 7 orders 14 families were recorded in“recovered wetland from fishpond”.Among them,mainly including five groups,dominant species were Fulica atra,Phalacrocorax carbo,Recurvirostra avosetta and Aythya ferina.The species of wetland birds in both habitats changed little over the months,but the density changes significantly.Overall,the species and density of waterbirds in the“recovered ponds”were higher than those in the aquaculture pond.The monthly evenness index and diversity index of waterbirds were basically the same,and the range of variation was relatively small.The results of the clustering analysis showed that the habitats of waterbirds in aquaculture ponds and“recovered ponds”were divided into six guilds.The main was deep water-foraging guild,deep water-rest guild.(2)The results indicated that in total 68 species of birds belong to 6 orders 12 families were recorded in there clamation habitat of Tiaozini.Among them,mainly including four groups,dominant species were Fulica atra,Phalacrocorax carbo,Recurvirostra avosetta and Anas poecilorhyncha.Tiaozini reclamation area can hold more kinds of waterbirds than aquaculture ponds and wet habitat.The number of birds species is stable and the density fluctuation is obvious in two years;there is a great difference in the number of swimming and wading birds;Anseriformes had the highest diversity and evenness of bird community.When the tide level was high,bird density and diversity levels were high.(3)The results indicated that in total 26 species of birds belong to 6 orders 9 families were recorded in ecological restoration area.Among them,mainly including three groups,dominant species were Ardea cinerea,Larus vegae,Egretta garzetta and Anas platyrhynchos.The number and density,siversity index and community evenness of ecological restoration area birds were significantly lower than aquaculture ponds,“recovered ponds”and Tiaozini reclamation area;the proportion of wading birds was slightly hugher than that of swimming birds.The results of the clustering analysis showed that the habitats of waterbirds in aquaculture ponds and“recovered ponds”were divided into four guilds,the main was shallow water guild.Due to the disturbance of the surrounding environment,water birds mostly concentrate on the central mound of water.(4)The four types of artifical habitats have different carrying capacities for waterbirds.Tiaozini reclamation ares and“recovered ponds”were characterized by abundant food resources and little human disturbance,had the best carrying;the second was aquaculture ponds although those were rich in food,there were some periods of great human disturbance.Ecological restoration is a long process,the composition of bird is similar to Tiaozini reclamation area and“recovered ponds”in an ecological restoration area,there is much room for improvement in carrying capacity.更多还原