【作者】 王俊；

【导师】 陈结淼；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 法律硕士（非法学）（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 正当防卫制度是一项重要的法律制度,这个制度是法律飞跃性的发展,为法律的进步提供了很大的促进作用,对群众来说也是一项非常有利的制度,在群众面临不法侵害时,能够激励群众奋起反抗,也有助于“见义勇为”的良好社会风气的形成,也有助于保障公民的合法权益。然而,在我国很多案件的发展过程中,例如“于欢案”等都能够反映出正当防卫在实际的执行过程中存在一定的问题以及不足之处。大量数据和案例表明在我国刑事司法实践中正当防卫的认定存在以下困境:首先对不法侵害的成立范围进行了限定;其次在防卫意图的认定方面对纯洁性过于执着,一味重视纯洁性意图,对防卫限度进行结果导向型判定,并遵循时候判断路径,到目前为止,正当防卫的认定思路存在一定的不合理之处,正当防卫中存在的问题不符合这个制度设置的主要意图以及最终目的。为了突破我国正当防卫司法认定的困境,需要对我国正当防卫制度进行深刻的反思。在这样的背景下,2018年12月最高人民检察院(以下简称“最高检”)在总结近年来检察机关办理的涉及正当防卫的典型案件的基础上,针对执法司法中的难点,回应人民群众关心关注的热点,选取了四个正当防卫不批捕、不起诉、撤销案件以及认定防卫过当的案件,作为指导性案例予以发布。基于此,笔者试图利用这些鲜活的案例对正当防卫的各项要件进行准确地分析界定,希望能够在将来的理论分析以及司法实践总对正当防卫体系进行不断完善,对正当防卫法律架构进行优化,对这个制度在司法中存在的问题以及缺陷进行改正与处理。本文共分为三个部分:第一部分,归纳总结了第十二批指导性案例中的争议焦点,对这些争议进行分析能够发现正当防卫在我国的司法实践中并不是非常完善,还面临着很多的问题以及挑战,这些问题需要一一解决,本文所要研究的主要问题就是正当防卫司法中的疑难问题;第二部分基于案件的争议焦点,从各个方面对正当防卫进行分析,具体包括:正当防卫的成立以及时间、正当防卫的限度等,对我国正当防卫制度进行了全面的反思,分析了正当防卫制度在我国刑法理论界的各种学说和司法认定过程中存在的主要问题,并在每一节中提出了笔者自己的观点;第三部分,基于特殊防卫的特殊性,对特殊防卫制度中“行凶”以及“其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪”这两点进行分析与说明,在此篇文章的写作过程中,主要采取的方法有:案例分析法以及文献研究法等,对这些方法进行运用,把正当防卫制度的理论与实践结合起来,对正当防卫的相关事项如成立的条件以及限度都进行仔细分析与探讨,希望能够促进此项制度的完善。更多还原

【Abstract】 Legitimate defense is an important legal system.The establishment of this system has largely given the people the confidence to face the unlawful infringement,which is conducive to formation of a good social atmosphere of“encourage brave actions for just causes”and is conducive to protecting legitimate rights and interests from illegal activities.However,from the“Yu Huan’s case”from Shandong and other cases,it reflects that there are many problems and difficulties in the process of judicial defense identification.A large amount of data and cases show that the identification of legitimate defense in China’s criminal justice practice has the following difficulties:Firstly,the scope of the establishment of illegal infringement is limited;Secondly,the purity of intention is excessively pursued in the determination of defense intent;Finally,the result-oriented is judged for the defense limit.At present,the thinking and problems of this justification of legitimate defense have seriously violated the purpose and original intention of the system.In order to break through the predicament of China’s justifiable defense judicature,we need to reflect deeply on our justifiable defense system.In December 2018,the Supreme People’s Procuratorate summed up the typical cases involving legitimate defense handled by the procuratorate in recent years,responded to the difficulties of law enforcement and justice,and responded to the concerns of the people.Based on this,the author tries to use these cases to accurately analyze and define the various elements of legitimate defense,with a view to perfecting the theoretical system of legitimate defense in future theoretical research and judicial practice and solving the system in judicial practice.Identification is difficult.This article is divided into three parts:The first part summarizes the controversial points in the twelfth batch of guiding cases.From these controversial points,many problems and dilemmas of legitimate defense in China’s judicial practice are reflected,leading to this article’s core issue——difficulty in the application of justifiable defense justice;the second part is based on the controversial focus of the cases,from the establishment of the justifiable defense,the time of the justifiable defense,the limits of the justifiable defense,etc.Rethinking and analyzing the main problems of the legitimate defense system in the various doctrines and judicial determinations of the theory of criminal law in our country,and in each section,the author’s own views are put forward;the third part is based on the particularity of special defense,the author will separately explain the two difficulties identified in the special defense system which is“assault”and“other violent crimes that seriously endanger human security”.In the writing process of this article,the case analysis,literature research and other methods are mainly used.These methods are used as a link to combine the relevant theoretical knowledge of the legitimate defense system with judicial practice.The judicial application of the special defense right has been discussed in detail in order to make a small contribution to the improvement of the system and the exertion of the value of the system.更多还原