【作者】 马宁；

【导师】 尤学工；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 历史学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 民族精神是国家和民族赖以生存和发展的精神基石,是一个民族经过长期的生活和社会实践,形成的为多数成员所赞同认可的思想道德、价值取向。中国是一个多民族国家,不同民族在几千年的交往融合中共同形成中华民族。在中华文明的长期发展进程中,中华民族精神不断传承创新,并成为指引中华民族不畏艰难、不断向前的精神依托。民国时期是中国社会转型的重要阶段,也是中华民族成长的关键时期,历史教育以其特有的学科特征被赋予培养民族精神、张扬爱国主义精神的重要职责,受到了时人关注。历史教育有利于宣传中华民族光荣历史,记述祖先功绩,唤起民众爱国之心,特别是通过对祖先丰功伟绩的讲述,也就是通过历史人物教育,更直接、更有效地帮助群众体会历史人物中蕴藏着的民族精神,激发他们的民族自信心,凝聚民族意识,同仇敌忾,为民族复兴而不断奋斗。本文通过梳理民国初期、五四运动前后、以及抗日战争以来的历史人物教育发展原因与基本情况,讨论历史人物教育培育民族精神的方法途径,分析民族精神因时代背景不断丰富发展、愈发重要的情况下,历史人物书写发生的变化。选取民国中学历史教科书的“戊戌维新”为研究切入点,教科书对“戊戌维新”的叙述因意识形态变化、政治需要、史学研究等原因而发生变化,探究这一时期“戊戌维新”的历史人物书写变化,有助于理解民国不同时期历史人物教育的发展和民族精神的内涵与使命。民国时期,历史人物教育受到了当时的社会背景、政治意识形态、思想文化观念的深刻影响,同时也与史学研究成果、历史教育理念和实践反思、学者个人立场有着密切联系。因此,民国时期中学历史教科书中的有关“戊戌维新”的历史人物书写得到了阶段性发展,以服务现实需要为目标,教科书中的历史人物数量不断增加,典型人物的描写与评价愈加详细客观,历史人物的呈现形式与教学方法逐渐丰富。伴随着历史人物教育的逐步发展,民族精神培育也进一步得到重视,以历史人物为教学途径,学生更易于感受到历史人物身上所具备的民族精神,促进情感体验,加强民族精神培育。总体而言,在民国时期,人们对历史人物教育与民族精神培育的认识是一个不断深化的过程。历史教育在宣扬和培育民族精神方面有着举足轻重的地位,培育人民对本民族历史文化的认同,是培育民族精神与爱国主义精神的前提。同时,历史人物是历史事件的核心,时人逐渐重视历史人物教育在历史教育过程中的重要地位。因此,在如今的中学历史教育中,对于历史人物与历史事件,应做到尊重历史史实,客观叙述评价历史人物与事件,同时不断丰富历史教学方法,汲取史学研究的最新成果,并将其融入课堂教学中,以提升学习效果,培育民族精神,将传授历史知识和提高学生人文素养有机统一起来,为国家培养有理想、有本领、有担当的公民打下坚实的基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 The national spirit is the cornerstone of the survival and development of the country and the nation,and the ideological character,value orientation and moral standards formed by a nation through long-term life and social practice and endorsed by the majority of its members.China is a multi-ethnic country,and different ethnic groups have jointly formed the Chinese nation through thousands of years of integration.In the longterm development process of Chinese civilization,the spirit of the Chinese nation has been continuously inherited and innovated,and has become the spiritual support for guiding the Chinese nation to move forward despite difficulties.The period of the Republic of China was an important stage of China’s social transformation and a critical period for the growth of the Chinese nation,and history education was entrusted with the important responsibility of cultivating the national spirit and promoting the patriotic spirit with its unique disciplinary characteristics,which attracted the attention of the times.History education is conducive to publicizing the glorious history of the Chinese nation,recording the achievements of ancestors,and arousing the patriotic heart of the people.In particular,through the narration of the great achievements of the ancestors,that is,through the education of historical figures,we can more directly and effectively help the masses to experience the national spirit contained in historical figures,stimulate their national self-confidence,condense national consciousness,share hatred,and constantly strive for national rejuvenation.By combing the reasons and basic conditions of the development of the education of historical figures in the early Republic of China,before and after the May Fourth Movement,and during the Anti-Japanese War,this paper discusses the methods and ways of cultivating the national spirit through the education of historical figures,and analyzes the changes in the writing of historical figures under the circumstances of the continuous enrichment and development of the national spirit due to the background of the times and becoming more and more important.Taking the "the Reform Movement of 1898" of the history textbook of the Republic of China Middle School as the research starting point,the textbook’s description of the "the Reform Movement of 1898" changes due to ideological changes,political needs,historical research and other reasons,and exploring the changes in the writing of historical figures in this period is helpful to understand the development of the education of historical figures and the connotation and mission of the national spirit in different periods of the Republic of China.During the period of the Republic of China,the education of historical figures was deeply influenced by the social background,political ideology,ideological and cultural concepts of the time,and was also closely related to the research results of history,historical education concepts and practical reflections,and scholars’ personal positions.Therefore,the writing of historical figures related to the " the Reform Movement of 1898" in middle school history textbooks during the Republic of China period has been developed in stages,with the goal of serving reality,the number of historical figures in the textbooks has been increasing,the description and evaluation of typical characters have become more detailed and objective,and the presentation forms and teaching methods of historical figures have been gradually enriched.With the gradual development of the education of historical figures,the cultivation of national spirit has also been further emphasized,and with historical figures as the teaching method,students are more likely to feel the national spirit possessed by historical figures,promote emotional experience,and strengthen the cultivation of national spirit.In general,during the period of the Republic of China,people’s understanding of the education of historical figures and the cultivation of national spirit was a process of continuous deepening.History education plays a pivotal role in publicizing and nurturing the national spirit,and cultivating the people’s identification with the nation’s history and culture is the prerequisite for cultivating the national spirit and patriotic spirit.At the same time,historical figures are the core of historical events,and people gradually attach importance to the important position of historical figure education in the process of historical education.Therefore,in today’s secondary school history education,for historical figures and historical events,we should respect historical facts,objectively describe and evaluate historical figures and events,and at the same time continuously enrich historical teaching methods,absorb the latest achievements of historical research,and integrate them into classroom teaching,so as to improve learning effects,cultivate national spirit,organically unify the teaching of historical knowledge and improve students’ humanistic qualities,and lay a solid foundation for the country to cultivate citizens with ideals,skills and responsibilities.更多还原