【作者】 王丹；

【导师】 胡银根；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 土地资源管理， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 在工业化和城镇化加速推进的背景下,农村宅基地和房屋闲置问题日益突出,不仅导致农村建设用地低效利用,而且使得农村土地资源资产价值难以实现。与此同时,年轻劳动力大量从农村向城市转移,造成农村“空巢化”和老龄化问题日趋严峻,传统的家庭养老模式逐渐弱化;而城市地区空气噪音污染严重,房屋的高租金以及建设用地资源的稀缺致使机构养老的费用较高且床位紧张,一些城市老人也希望来到农村享受优美的自然环境和质朴的风土人情。2018年党中央提出的乡村振兴战略为农村发展提供了新契机,乡村基础设施和公共服务设施建设的不断完善为利用农村宅基地和房屋发展养老提供了良好的外部条件。在此情况下,将专业的养老服务、优质的养老资源嵌入老年群体,以闲置宅基地和房屋为载体,以市场化机制运行的农村嵌入式养老应运而生。利用农村嵌入式养老盘活闲置宅基地和房屋是破解养老和农村空心化两个社会矛盾问题的结合点。那么,嵌入式养老是如何盘活闲置宅基地和房屋的?盘活的成效如何?是目前亟待解决的理论和现实问题。本文选取我国首个步入老龄化社会,同时也是人口老龄化程度最高的城市——上海市的典型村庄作为研究区域,基于“盘活路径-发展障碍-提升策略”的总体思路开展研究。研究主要结论如下:(1)本文将主客体理论进行延伸,构建主体-客体-行为-成效关系图,并贯穿于机理分析中,将农村嵌入式养老运行过程解构成嵌入主体、嵌入客体、嵌入行为和嵌入成效,将农村嵌入式养老盘活闲置宅基地和房屋的运行过程解构成盘活主体、盘活客体、盘活行为和盘活成效。“盘活主体”通过“盘活行为”作用于“盘活客体”,“盘活客体”自身的特征会反作用于“盘活主体”,促进或限制主体的行为,两者相互作用,获得“盘活成效”——闲置宅基地和房屋的盘活利用。(2)对三个案例的盘活路径进行分析并总结盘活类型。(1)盘活主体包括嵌入主体、嵌入客体和参与主体,不同类型的盘活主体各不相同。例如,堰泾幸福老人村的嵌入主体为非营利性社会组织,嵌入客体主要为农村老人;许泾长者照护之家的嵌入主体为政府和企业,嵌入客体包括农村老人和城市老人;待泾享莱乐康养社区的嵌入主体为企业,嵌入客体主要为城市老人。三者的参与主体都有农户、村集体、闲置劳动力,堰泾幸福老人村还有固定的志愿者参与。(2)盘活客体即闲置宅基地和房屋,包括内部特征和外部村庄特征。在内部特征上,包括房屋楼层、建筑面积、建成年代、闲置特征、宅基地确权颁证等方面。在外部村庄特征上,通过与负责人的交流以及结合村庄的自然、社会、经济、文化等方面情况的分析,总结不同案例村的嵌入式养老落地在该村的原因。(3)盘活行为包括闲置宅基地和房屋使用权的流转以及利用结构的改变。在宅基地和房屋使用权的流转过程上,堰泾幸福老人村的转入者是本村村民,利用了熟人社会的人情机制;许泾长者照护之家的转入者是村办企业,有村委会信誉社会作为担保;待泾享莱乐康养社区的转入者是企业,其通过与村委会密切联系,召开六次项目推进会。在宅基地和房屋利用结构的改变上,堰泾幸福老人村和许泾长者照护之家分为生活居住区、文娱活动区、助餐助浴区、康复运动区、医疗保健区、服务接待区六大功能区,待泾享莱乐康养社区增加了生活配套区,总计有七大功能区。(4)盘活成效,主要包括社会效益、经济效益和生态效益。社会效益从嵌入客体以及参与主体的角度进行总结,三者在提供给不同主体的社会效益上各有千秋;经济效益从嵌入主体、嵌入客体以及参与主体的角度进行总结,在单位面积的经济效益上,许泾长者照护之家>待泾享莱乐康养社区>堰泾幸福老人村;生态效益主要是对于农户和村庄而言,包括宅基地绿植覆盖率、宅基地宅前屋后的整洁度、村庄人居环境改善程度。(5)通过对不同案例盘活路径的分析,将三个典型案例的盘活类型分别总结为非营利性组织嵌入-原住养型、政府购买服务-城乡融养型、企业嵌入-田园康养型。(3)通过对不同类型的嵌入主体进行深度访谈,从人-地-财三个角度进行总结不同类型的发展障碍;通过对入住的老人进行满意度评价,利用IPA分析法来总结农村嵌入式养老盘活闲置宅基地和房屋的发展障碍;调查不同村庄的农民对流转闲置宅基地和房屋发展嵌入式养老的意愿,总结障碍因素;通过对该村的村干部进行半结构式访谈,分析村集体视角下嵌入式养老盘活闲置宅基地和房屋的发展障碍。(4)研究表明,要完善农村嵌入式养老盘活闲置宅基地和房屋,就必须在宏观层面制定共同策略:推进宅基地“三权分置”实现还权赋能,促进产业落地盘活闲置宅基地;完善宅基地和房屋作为养老服务设施的相关政策;完善农村嵌入式养老的养老服务体系建设。在中微观层面制定分策略:(1)针对非营利性社会组织嵌入—原居住养型:提高社会组织作为盘活主体的资源整合能力和自我造血能力;完善传统农区型农村的基础设施建设,为宅基地的盘活提供良好的外部条件;推进传统农区型农村的集中居住。(2)针对政府购买服务-医养结合型:拓宽筹措前期投入资金的多元渠道;嵌入主体在宅基地和房屋的建设改造前应进行规划设计;多渠道解决宅基地和房屋流转问题;探索“养老+”业态,提高嵌入式养老盘活闲置宅基地和房屋的可持续性。(3)针对企业嵌入-田园康养型:企业应该加强宣传力度,提升品牌影响力;政府应该提高其他农村土地政策的协同性;企业应该与村集体紧密合作,整村推进闲置宅基地和房屋的盘活工作,实现区域联动发展;康养产业与文旅产业深度融合,同时注重产业反哺农村。更多还原

【Abstract】 The issue of rural homestead and house waste has grown in importance against the backdrop of accelerated industrialization and urbanization,which not only results in the inefficient use of rural construction land but also makes it challenging to realize the value of rural land resource assets.The traditional family pension model has been eroding over time as a huge number of young workers have moved from rural to urban areas,contributing to an increasingly problematic rural aging and empty nest phenomenon.However,the air noise pollution in urban areas is serious,the high rent of houses and the scarcity of construction land resources make the cost of institutional pension higher and bed shortage,and some urban elderly people also hope to come to the countryside to enjoy the beautiful natural environment and simple customs.The Party Central Committee’s 2018 proposal for a rural revitalization strategy offers fresh opportunities for rural development,and the ongoing improvement of rural public service facilities creates favorable external conditions for the use of rural homesteads and houses to support the elderly.Under this circumstance,professional elderly care services and high-quality pension resources are embedded in the elderly group,and rural embedded elderly care with idle homesteads and houses as the carrier and market-oriented mechanism operation came into being.The use of rural embedded pension to revitalize idle homesteads and houses is the combination of solving the two social contradictions of pension and rural hollowing.So,how do integrated retirement programs rejuvenate vacant farms? How successful has the revitalization been?It is a critical theoretical and practical issue that requires immediate resolution.The research in this paper is based on the basic concept of "revitalization path-development obstacleoptimization strategy" and is conducted in the typical village of Shanghai,the first city in China to experience an aging population and the one with the highest proportion of senior citizens.The following are the study’s main findings:(1)This study extends the subject-object theory,creates a subject,behavior,object,and effect relationship diagram in the subject-object theory,puts it through a mechanism analysis,breaks down the rural embedded pension operation framework into embedded subject,embedded object,embedded behavior,and embedded effect,and breaks down the operation framework of rural embedded pension revitalization idle homesteads and houses into revitalization subject,revitalization object,revitalization behavior,and revitalization effect.The "revitalization of the subject" acts on the "revitalization of the object" through "revitalization behavior," and the qualities of the revitalized object themselves will act on the "revitalization of the subject," promoting or restricting the subject’s behavior.These two interact to produce the "revitalization effect," or the revitalization and utilization of vacant homesteads and houses.(2)The revitalization paths of the three cases were analyzed and the revitalization types were summarized.(1)Revitalization subjects include embedded subjects,embedded objects and participants,and different types of revitalized subjects are different.For example,the embedded subject of Yanjing Happy Elderly Village is a non-profit social organization,and the embedded object is mainly the rural elderly;The embedded subjects of Xujing Elderly Care Home are the government and enterprises,and the embedded objects include the rural elderly and the urban elderly;The main body of the embedding of the Heolai Le Health Care Community in Zhujing Village is the enterprise,and the embedded object is mainly the urban elderly.The main participants of the three are farmers,village collectives,idle labor,and there are also fixed volunteers in Yanjing Happy Elderly Village.(2)Revitalized objects are vacant homesteads and houses,including internal features and external village features.In terms of internal characteristics,including the floor of the house,the building area,the age of completion,the characteristics of vacancy,and the confirmation of the right to the homestead.In terms of the characteristics of the external villages,through the communication with the person in charge and the analysis of the actual situation of the village,the reasons for the embedded pension of different case villages were summarized in the village.(3)Revitalization includes the circulation of vacant homesteads and house use rights and changes in the structure of use.In the process of transferring the right to use the homestead and the house,the transferees of Yanjing Happy Old Man Village are the villagers of the village,using the human relations mechanism of the acquaintance society;The transferees of the Xujing Elderly Care Home are village-run enterprises with the guarantee of the reputable society of the village committee;The transferees of the Laile Wellness Community are enterprises,which have held six project promotion meetings through close contact with the village committee.In terms of the change of homestead and housing utilization structure,Yanjing Happy Elderly Village and Xujing Elderly Care Home are divided into six functional areas: living and living area,recreational activity area,meal and bath area,rehabilitation sports area,medical care area and service reception area.(4)Revitalization results,including social,economic and ecological benefits.The social benefits are summarized from the perspective of embedded objects and participants,and the three have their own advantages in providing social benefits to different subjects;The economic benefits are summarized from the perspective of embedded subjects,embedded objects and participating subjects,and in terms of economic benefits per unit area,Xujing Village Elderly Care Home > Yanjing Happy Elderly Village > Happy Elderly Village;Ecological benefits are mainly for farmers and villages,including the green plant coverage rate of the homestead,the cleanliness of the homestead before and after the house,and the improvement of the living environment of the village.(5)According to the analysis of the revitalization paths of different cases,the revitalization types of the three typical cases were summarized as non-profit organization embedding-indigenous residential care type,government procurement service-urban and rural integration type,and enterprise embedded-pastoral health care type.(3)Through in-depth interviews with different types of embedded subjects,we summarize different types of development barriers from three perspectives of people-landmoney;through satisfaction evaluation of the elderly people who moved in,we use IPA analysis to summarize the development barriers of revitalizing idle house bases and houses for rural embedded retirement;we investigate the willingness of farmers in different villages to transfer idle house bases and houses to develop embedded retirement and summarize the barriers The obstacles to the development of embedded pension revitalization of unused house bases and houses from the village collective perspective were analyzed by conducting semi-structured interviews with the village cadres of the village.(4)The study shows that in order to improve the rural embedded pension and revitalize idle homesteads and houses,it is necessary to formulate common strategies at the macro level: promote the "three rights of the house bases" to realize the return of rights and empowerment,and promote the industrial landing to revitalize the idle house bases;improve the policies related to the use of house bases and houses as elderly service facilities;and improve the construction of the elderly service system for embedded elderly in rural areas.Develop sub-strategies at the medium and micro levels:(1)For non-profit social organizations embedded-indigenous living and raising type: improve the resource integration ability and self-blood generating ability of social organizations as the main body of revitalization;improve the infrastructure construction of traditional rural farming areas to provide good external conditions for the revitalization of residential bases;promote the centralized living in traditional rural farming areas.(2)For government purchase servicesmedical and health care combination type: broaden the multiple channels to raise the initial investment funds;embed subjects should carry out planning and design before the construction and transformation of house bases and houses;solve the problem of house bases and houses transfer through multiple channels;explore the "pension +" business mode to improve the sustainability of embedded pension revitalization of idle house bases and houses.(3)For the enterprise embedded-field recreation type: the enterprise should strengthen the publicity and enhance the brand influence;the government should improve the synergy of other rural land policies;the enterprise should work closely with the village collective to promote the revitalization of idle house bases and houses in the whole village and realize the regional linkage development;the recreation industry should deeply integrate with the cultural tourism industry and focus on the industry to feed the rural areas at the same time.更多还原