【作者】 杨超；

【导师】 海江波； 李酶；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农艺与种业， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 粮食是人类赖以生存的物质基础,是农业工作者的重要经济来源,也是重要的工业原料。充足的粮食是保证一个国家政治稳定,经济繁荣,人民幸福的前提,保障国家粮食安全是国家长治久安的重中之重。随着全球人口的不断增加,粮食消费呈刚性增长,与此同时,新冠疫情席卷全球,病虫害肆虐,自然灾害频发,土地荒漠化盐碱化以及受到市场经济影响,经济作物不断增加,粮食面积不断减少等制约因素使粮食持续增产难度加大,而提高粮食产量的有效途径则是改良作物品种和提高生产技术效率。鉴于东非国家主粮作物主产区在东非国家主粮生产和地区稳定占据举足轻重的地位,本研究具有实际的指导意义。东非国家主粮生产贡献了东部非洲国家主粮总产量的78%,其粮食生产状况直接影响东部非洲的粮食产能,对推动东非地区粮食生产起到了重要的作用。随着对主粮作物品种结构不断优化,主粮作物品质适应消费市场变化,导致对主粮作物的生产要求越来越高。本文采用文献分析、对比分析和网络调查等不同的研究方法,对1993-2022年东非国家主粮作物的单产、总产、种植面积;2002-2021年东非国家主粮进出口量、化肥施用量、施用总量;2013-2022年东非国家机械使用情况进行分析。从生产方式、生产技术和生产要素投入对东非国家的粮食生产能力和支撑条件进行了研究,得出以下结果:研究结果表明:(1)东非国家主粮作物为玉米、木薯、马铃薯、小麦和水稻。(2)从整体来看,东非国家主粮作物的单产、总产都处于较低的生产水平,其中,木薯和马铃薯的生产水平最高,玉米的生产水平较高,小麦和水稻生产水平最低。(3)东非国家主粮种植面积在持续增加,但新增土地质量相对较差,增加肥料和机械使用率,有助于提高主粮的产量。(4)通过对比发现,东非国家粮食自给率较差,导致粮食进口量每年都在增加,同时,东非国家粮食出口量波动幅度不大,一直处于较低水平。(5)由于经济全球化和科技的快速发展,东非国家对机械和肥料的需求会持续增长。(6)生产技术对主粮作物产量影响显著,先进的生产技术和完整的生产体系,对挖掘主粮作物产量潜力具有极大帮助。更多还原

【Abstract】 Food is essential for human existence,a significant source of income for agricultural laborers,and a crucial source of raw materials for industry.Ensuring national food security is the top priority for a country’s long-term peace and stability since having enough food is a requirement for a nation’s political stability,economic development,and people’s happiness.Food consumption has increased steadily along with the expansion of the world’s population.The COVID-19 pandemic,the prevalence of diseases and pests,the frequency of natural disasters,the effects of desertification and salinization,the market economy,an increase in cash crops,a decline in grain area,and other challenges make it more challenging to continuously increase grain production.Increasing the efficiency of production equipment and crop varieties are the most efficient ways to boost grain yield.This study has practical guiding value since the primary growing regions of staple crops in East African countries play a significant influence in the production of staple foods and regional stability.The production of staple grains in East African nations accounts for 78% of the continent’s overall output of these grains.The potential for grain production in East Africa is strongly impacted by its grain production situation,which also plays a significant role in improving grain production in the region.The quality of staple crops responds to changes in the consumer market as a result of ongoing variety structure optimization,increasing the production standards for staple crops ever-higher.This study examined the yield per unit area,total yield,and planting area of the major grain crops in East Africa from 1993 to 2022 using a variety of research methodologies,including literature analysis,comparison analysis,and network survey.The volume of main grain imported and exported,the amount of fertilizer used,and the total amount of fertilizer applied in East African nations from 2002 to 2021,as well as the use of machinery in East African countries from 2013 to 2022,were examined.The research on the food production capacity and supporting conditions of East African countries has produced the following findings from the standpoint of production mode,production technology,and input of production factors:The results showed that:(1)the main food crops in East African countries were maize,cassava,potato,wheat and rice.(2)On the whole,the unit yield and total yield of main grain crops in East African countries are at a low production level,among which cassava and potato are the highest,maize is higher,and wheat and rice are the lowest.(3)The planting area of staple grains in East African countries continues to increase,but the quality of the newly added land is relatively poor.Increasing the utilization rate of fertilizer and machinery is conducive to improving the yield of staple grains.(4)Through comparison,it is found that the food self-sufficiency rate of East African countries is poor,which leads to the increase of food import every year.Meanwhile,the food export volume of East African countries has little fluctuation and has been at a low level.(5)Due to economic globalization and rapid development of science and technology,East African countries’ demand for machinery and fertilizer will continue to grow.(6)Production technology has a significant impact on the yield of main grain crops.Advanced production technology and complete production system are of great help to tap the yield potential of main grain crops.更多还原