【作者】 王楠；

【导师】 袁先来；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 美国于2021年8月30日宣布美军已完成从阿富汗撤出的任务,标志着美国在阿富汗近20年的军事行动结束。作为美国历史上经历时间最长的战争,美国对阿富汗和阿富汗战争的书写成为映射美国历史与未来的镜子。本文将从美国传媒的图像、影视、新闻语言,阿富汗裔作家卡勒德·胡赛尼的《灿烂千阳》以及美国记者杰克·塔珀的《被遗忘的前哨》三处着笔,探讨当代美国如何建构对阿富汗的叙事话语。本文将分为以下五个部分:绪论部分介绍美国战争小说传统、阿富汗叙事和美国当代战争文学书写情况,梳理传媒战争书写、卡勒德·胡赛尼小说和后殖民主义的研究现状,并阐明本文的研究内容和意义。第二章分为三部分。首先以史蒂夫·麦柯里拍摄的于1985年登上美国《国家地理》杂志封面的纪实摄影《阿富汗少女》为例,从麦柯里通过视觉符号所制造、招募的文化意象出发,探究大众如何在对价值观的理性认同与合法想象中悄无声息地同化并接受图像符号所要传递的意指内容,在视觉意象与特定的霸权话语、生活方式、价值观念、历史记忆、生命哲学或身份想象之间建立认知等价和认同勾连。其次,以影片《女孩的战地滑板课》为例,从纪录片的叙事手法与内容分析卡罗尔·戴辛格如何将西方价值观渗透到镜头中,从而展现西方主义的文化输出。最后,整理2001年至2023年期间美国主流媒体和官方机构对阿富汗战争的表述。以《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)、《今日美国》(USA Today)、《纽约时报》(The New York Times)和《基督教科学箴言报》(Christian Science Monitor)为对象,从语调分布、词汇偏好、文本偏见三个方面对美国关于阿富汗战争的表述进行分析。第三章主要探讨卡勒德·胡赛尼在《灿烂千阳》中放置的美国痕迹以及如何完成美国价值观的自我认同。胡赛尼将主人公莱拉生活秩序的恢复放置到“9·11”事件后美国对塔利班宣战的背景中,隐隐透露出作家对美国“救世主”形象和美国干预主义特权的认同。此外,《灿烂千阳》原名《泰坦尼克城之梦》(Dreams In Titanic City),阿富汗首都喀布尔就是作者心中的“泰坦尼克城”。尽管小说后来在出版前改名,但仍意味着胡赛尼在其上标记的美国印记。最后,胡赛尼通过描写在塔利班宗教极端政治化专制统治下,国家动荡不安、民众朝不保夕、族群等级分明、男权占领统治下女性备受压迫的阿富汗,映照的是美国社会内部问题。胡赛尼将阿富汗形象置于西方的大叙事中,从而使阿富汗作为文化和形象的补充被美国价值体系纳入。在阿富汗的形象建构中,美国的现状或被镜像反映,或被乌托邦化。第四章主要探讨非虚构文学《被遗忘的前哨》中反映出的美国价值观输出的失败、美国人对阿富汗战争的思考及其暗示的美国“好医生“形象。通过作家在文本中放置与意义背离的意象——勇敢与崩溃并存的美国英雄、正在进行却正被遗忘的战争,分析作家及其代表的美国人对美国“神话”信任的破裂与纠结。尽管《被遗忘的前哨》审视着阿富汗战争中人的生存状态、命运、关系,反复拷问战争的意义,不断质疑美国政府,对官方主流话语进行了自觉反叛,但同时也看到作家不经意流露出的态度和立场——也许战争本身是错误的,但仍对美国价值观、精神内核深信不疑。所以杰克·塔珀不遗余力地叙述着美国人在阿富汗进行的“国家重建”计划,力图展示美国可信赖的“好医生”形象。此书原版名为The Outpost:An Untold Story of American Valor,可直译为《前哨基地:美国勇士不为人知的故事》。“valor”一词显示了塔珀的立场——认为美国对阿富汗发动的战争是一场“正义”的战争,这种思维实际仍处于美国权力话语体系之下。出于这两方面,文本最终呈现出有意识反叛与无意识遵从的悖论与撕裂。结语部分进一步探讨了美国的战争文化和美国的国家特质,以及在研究美国战争书写中的阿富汗叙事基础上,期待阿富汗本土作家对“9·11”叙事和阿富汗战争叙事的回应。更多还原

【Abstract】 The United States announced on Aug.30,2021,that U.S.forces had completed their withdrawal from Afghanistan,marking the end of nearly 20 years of U.S.military operations in the country.As the longest war in U.S.history,the U.S.writing on Afghanistan and the Afghan War has become a mirror that maps the history and future of the United States.This paper will explore how contemporary America constructs a narrative discourse on Afghanistan by looking at the language of images,film,and journalism in the American media,Afghanborn author Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns,and American journalist Jake Tapper’s The Outpost.The paper will be divided into five parts as follows.The introductory section introduces the American war fiction tradition,Afghan narratives and contemporary American war literature writing,composes the current state of research on media war writing,Khaled Hosseini’s novels and postcolonialism,and clarifies the research content and significance of this paper.Chapter 1 is divided into three parts.The first part takes Steve Mc Curry’s documentary photography “Afghan Girl”,which appeared on the cover of National Geographic magazine in1985,as an example,and explores how the public assimilates and accepts the meaningful content of the image symbols silently in the rational recognition and legitimate imagination of values,and how the visual imagery is related to the specific hegemonic In this study,we explore how the public quietly assimilates and accepts the meaningful content of the image symbols in the rational identification and legitimate imagination of values,and establishes cognitive equivalence and identity connection between visual images and specific hegemonic discourse,lifestyle,values,historical memory,philosophy of life or identity imagination.Second,taking the film “Girl’s War Skating Lesson” as an example,we analyze how Carol Dysinger infiltrates Western values into the footage from the narrative technique and content of the documentary,thus showing the cultural export of Westernism.Finally,the representations of the war in Afghanistan by mainstream American media and official institutions between 2001 and 2023 are compiled.The Washington Post,USA Today,The New York Times,and the Christian Science Monitor are used to analyze three aspects of American The third chapter focuses on Khaled K.K.,the author of the book on the war in Afghanistan.The second chapter focuses on the traces of America placed by Khaled Hosseini in A Thousand Splendid Suns and how he accomplishes the self-identification of American values.Hosseini places the restoration of order in the life of the protagonist Laila in the context of the U.S.declaration of war against the Taliban after September 11,which implicitly reveals the writer’s identification with the American “messianic” image and American interventionist privilege.In addition,“A Thousand Splendid Suns” was originally titled “Dreams In Titanic City”,and Kabul,the capital of Afghanistan,is the “Titanic City” in the author’s mind.Although the novel was later renamed before publication,it still implies the American stamp Hosseini put on it.Finally,Hosseini mirrors the internal problems of American society by depicting an Afghanistan in which the country is in turmoil,the population is precarious,the ethnic groups are hierarchical,and women are oppressed under a male domination of the Taliban’s religiously extreme politicized dictatorship.Hosseini places the image of Afghanistan within the larger narrative of the West,thus allowing Afghanistan to be incorporated into the American value system as a complement to culture and image.In the construction of the image of Afghanistan,the current state of America is either mirrored or utopianized.Chapter 3 focuses on the failure of the export of American values as reflected in the nonfiction literature “The Outpost” the American reflection on the war in Afghanistan,and the image of the “good doctor” of the United States that it implies.Through the imagery that the writer places in the text that deviates from its meaning-the brave and broken American heroes,the ongoing but forgotten war-the writer and the Americans he represents analyze the breakdown and entanglement of trust in the American “myth”.Although “ The Outpost ”examines the state of existence,fate,and relationships of people in the Afghan war,repeatedly interrogates the meaning of war,constantly questions the U.S.government,and engages in a conscious rebellion against the official mainstream discourse,it also reveals the writer’s inadvertent attitude and position-perhaps the war itself is wrong,but still convinced of American values and spiritual core.values,the spiritual core,is still deeply believed.So Jake Tapper has spared no effort in describing the American plan for “national reconstruction” in Afghanistan,trying to present the image of the United States as a trustworthy “good doctor”.The book is originally titled The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor,which can be translated as “The Outpost: The Untold Story of American Valor”.The word “valor” reveals Tapper’s position that the U.S.war in Afghanistan is a just war,and that this thinking is still in fact under the U.S.power discourse.system.Out of these two aspects,the text ultimately presents a paradox and a tear between conscious rebellion and unconscious compliance.The concluding section further explores the American culture of war and the American national identity,as well as the expected responses of local Afghan writers to the narratives of September 11 and the Afghan war,based on the study of the Afghan narratives in American war writing.更多还原