【作者】 李小平；

【导师】 谭志敏；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 伦理学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 德福统一,即“德”与“福”的统一,“德”乃德性与德行的内外一致,既指内在心性上的优良品质,也指对内心修养的身体力行;“福”即幸福,是满足的总和,既包括感性欲望层面的外在福利之满足,也包括内在精神层面的道德修养之满足。道德与幸福的关系,存在着一致与不一致两种观点,不一致主要从经验事实出发,一致则从理论价值出发。“德”与“福”在应然意义上的统一,一方面是由于“德”与“福”概念之间相通达;另一方面是由于道德与幸福都是人的内在统一性中不可或缺的部分,二者由于同存于一个主体或一个意识而自在地统一。道德与幸福的理论统一性,按照统一方式的不同,可划分为德福内在统一、德福对立统一、德福外在统一。德福内在统一,意味着道德与幸福同为目的,同一事体。亚里士多德以幸福统摄道德,认为幸福是至善,是人的灵魂的合德性的实现活动,幸福的获得与德性的实现内在一致。孔子以道德统摄幸福,通过“孔颜之乐”,将幸福定义为道德修养的內得于心,并将外在存在作为道德修养之实现场域而使之具有伦理价值。牟宗三进一步将“孔颜之乐”式的德福统一关系明确为“诡谲的即”,既肯定道德与幸福的独立意义,同时也保证德福同体的内在统一关系。德福对立统一,是在深刻认识到道德与幸福的现实对立后,又因二者在存在层面属于同一主体,并且二者皆具有独立意义并皆为人所欲求,故而在理论上将二者设定为必然统一。康德从理性角度出发,认为人作为有限理性存在者,由于道德的不完善性,只能按照德性的比例配享幸福,并且德性与幸福的精确配比只能通过灵魂不朽和上帝存在的悬设来得以保障。黑格尔从精神角度出发,使道德与幸福在道德世界观中被设定为彼此和谐,但也由于道德是一个永远有待完成的任务,只能将德福统一推之于无限。德福外在统一,将幸福作为人生终极目的,道德是达到幸福的手段之一。边沁提出幸福最大化原则,认为“趋乐避苦”是人类行为的终极目的,并制定出一套苦乐计算法,道德则由于难以测量而被逐渐排除出幸福的范畴。密尔在边沁的基础上,提出幸福不仅有数量的区别,还有质量的区别,从而提高了道德在幸福的手段上的地位,并提供了道德从手段转向目的的可能。三种路向的德福观各有其价值与困境:内在统一德福观使道德与幸福同为目的,为道德生活提供了充分的内在动力,但也模糊了幸福与道德的边界,容易导致对感性欲望层面的幸福的忽略。对立统一德福观将幸福与道德相分离,并将道德作为配享幸福的唯一前提,最大程度地提高了道德的神圣性,但也使得配享幸福的愿望难以在现实世界得以实现,而只能推之于彼岸世界。外在统一德福观将德福关系中的价值与话语重心从道德转向幸福,很好地弥补对立统一德福观的现实乏力感,极大提高幸福的现实可行性,但也消解了德性的内在价值,容易导致道德虚无性。基于外在统一德福观逐渐占据主导地位,幸福成为当今时代的通用指标这一时代现状,结合德福统一三种路向的价值与困境,可发展出一条“始于外在统一,终于内在统一,保有对立统一”的德福统一新思路。在理论层面,德福统一新思路以儒家内在统一德福观为理论基础,以外在统一德福观为契机,同时以对立统一德福观为补偿。在实践层面,始于外在统一,就是承认“幸福”作为时代新“信仰”的合理性,并从密尔的德福观入手,为道德提供从手段转向目的的可能性;终于内在统一,就是从德福外在统一转向德福内在统一,使道德获得与幸福同为目的、同一本质的地位;保留对立统一,就是存留德福统一于彼岸的信心,使人们在终生的道德实践中获得慰藉。构建德福统一新思路,重塑德福统一的信仰,不仅可以更好发挥德福统一思想的理论价值,有效调整当今时代文明合理性,也有利于公民道德建设,促进社会公正和制度完善。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the unity of morality and happiness,"morality" means that the internal and external consistency of virtue and welldoing,which refers not only to the good quality of inner mind,but also to the practice of inner accomplishment;"happiness" is the sum of satisfaction,which includes not only the satisfaction of external welfare at the level of perceptual desire,but also the satisfaction of moral cultivation at the level of inner spirit.There are two views on the relationship between morality and happiness,consistency and inconsistency,which are mainly based on empirical facts and consistency from theoretical value.On the one hand,the unity of morality and happiness is due to the connection between the concepts of "morality" and "happiness";on the other hand,morality and happiness are indispensable parts of human inner unity,and the two are freely unified because they exist in one subject or one consciousness.The theoretical unity of morality and happiness can be divided into three routes:the internal unity,the contradictory unity,the external unity.The internal unity of morality and happiness means that morality and happiness are the same purpose and the same thing.Aristotle integrates morality under happiness,holds that happiness is the highest good,the realization of human soul’s virtue,and the acquisition of happiness is consistent with the realization of virtue.Confucius integrates happiness under morality,defined happiness as the inner gain of virtue cultivation by "Confucius and Yanhui’s happiness",and made external existence ethical value by taking it as the realization field of morality cultivation.Mou Zongsan further defined the unified relationship between morality and happiness as "treacherous",which not only affirmed the independent significance of morality and happiness,but also guaranteed the internal unified relationship between morality and happiness.The contradictory unity of morality and happiness is after a deep understanding of the realistic opposition between morality and happiness,and because they belong to the same subject at the level of existence,and both have independent significance and do what people want.Therefore,in theory,the two are set as inevitable unity.Kant,from the point of view of reason,thinks that human,as a finite rational being,can only enjoy happiness according to the proportion of morality because of the imperfection of morality.And the exact ratio of morality and happiness can only be guaranteed by the immortality of soul and the existence of God.Hegel,from the spiritual point of view,makes morality and happiness be set as harmony with each other in the moral world outlook,but also because morality is a task to be completed forever,it can only push the unity of morality and happiness to infinity.The external unity,regard morality as one of the means to achieve happiness.Bentham puts forward the principle of maximizing happiness,thinks that "seeking pleasure and avoiding pain" is the ultimate goal of human behavior,and formulates a set of method to calculate pleasure and pain,while morality is gradually excluded from the category of happiness because it is difficult to measure.Mill,on the basis of Bentham,put forward that happiness has not only the difference of quantity,but also the difference of quality,thus improving the position of morality in the means of happiness,and providing the possibility of morality from means to purpose.Each of the three ways has its own value and dilemma: the internal unity of morality and happiness provides a full internal motive force for moral life,but also obscures the boundary between happiness and morality.It is easy to lead to the neglect of happiness at the level of perceptual desire.The contradictory unity of morality and happiness separates happiness from morality,and regards virtue as the only premise to enjoy happiness,which improves the sanctity of virtue to the greatest extent,but also makes the desire to enjoy happiness difficult to realize in the real world.But can only be pushed to the other world.The external unity of morality and happiness shifts the focus of value and discourse from morality to happiness,which makes up for the realistic fatigue of the contradictory unity,greatly improves the practical feasibility of happiness,but also dispels the intrinsic value of morality.It is easy to lead to moral nihilism.Based on the fact that the external unity of morality and happiness gradually occupies a dominant position and happiness becomes the general index of the present era,the belief of the unity of morality and happiness is tending to disintegrate.Combine with the values and dilemmas of three ways of the unity of morality and happiness,a new idea of "starting from the external unity,ending up with the internal unity,retaining the contradictory unity" can be developed.At the theoretical level,the new idea is based on the Confucian internal unity of morality and happiness,and takes the external unity of morality and happiness as the chance,and compensated by the contradictory unity of morality and happiness.At the practical level,starting from the external unity,means to recognize the rationality of "happiness" as the new "belief" of the times,and to provide the possibility for morality to change from means to purpose according to Mill’s view of morality and happiness.Ending up with the internal unity,means to change from the external unity to the internal unity,so that morality and happiness become the same purpose and the same essential position.Retaining the contradictory unity,means to keep the confidence that morality and happiness are unified on the other word,so that people can get a consolation in the moral practice all their lives.Constructing a new idea of the unity of morality and happiness,and reshaping the belief of the unity of morality and happiness can not only give full play to the theoretical value of the unity of morality and happiness,effectively adjust the rationality of civilization in today’s era,but also benefit the moral construction of citizens,promote social more righteous and system more perfect.更多还原