【作者】 刘畅；

【导师】 唐清利；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 探望制度关涉探望主体、探望对象或客体、探望对象或客体之监护人或其他密切相关人、法院及民政局等公权力方四方人员,体现了制度制定主体对离婚及其他导致的被探望对象或客体与探望主体非一起居住生活情形下的特殊人群之法律、规定上的权利义务关切。探望制度第一次在我国得到确立是2001年的《婚姻法》修正案,该制度的设立填补了我国婚姻家庭制度的空白,为实践提供了法律依据。学者们对探望制度进行了深度研究,形成了不少理论成果。但是,随着社会的发展,时间、条件在逐渐发生变化,我国探望制度渐渐呈现出其局限和应当加以改进的契机。本文即是以此契机为出发点,在审视我国现行探望制度的基础上,对国内外相关探望理论文献及应用文章进行梳理,进而提出系统论下以保护探望对象或客体权利的同时保护社会利益最大化为原则对我国探望制度进行研究的设想或思考,落点于勾勒出新时代中国特色社会主义的探望制度。从为行文方便和叙述的集中考虑,本文主要探讨离婚情形下夫妻子女探望制度问题,对其他的比如隔代探望、子女对父母的探望等探望制度,仅仅稍有涉及,并未深入展开。本文包含五个部分:第一部分,主要通过文献综述,总结国内外探望制度的立法趋势和相关做法;第二部分,从案例和数据分析着手,总结出我国现行探望制度的不足和缺陷,同时,论述近年来探望制度上实践探索的有益做法,对下文制度研究设想提供实践支撑和可行性论证;第三部分,通过对探望权基础、探望特征、探望设立原则、权利与义务之间衡平与整合等问题的分析,为制度研究提供理论支撑;第四部分,通过对域外探望权制度进行研究,对比分析我国的探望权制度,从而为我国探望权制度的完善提供理论基础;第五部分,提出关于我国探望制度的一些设想,在对制度的立体体系性或系统性予以足够关注的基础上,强调系统论下遵循儿童成长利益与社会利益最大化原则,明确探望义务属性规定、强化监督及代履行制度等配套构建。本文的创新之处在于,对制度背后所需要保护的权利之逻辑层次予以了足够的关注和思考,对制度的立体体系性或系统性予以足够关注,在总结各家学说的基础上,首次提出了探望制度制定的元极意义在于法益平衡或者社会利益最大化,不在于单纯保护探望主体、探望对象或客体或其他的权利,单纯的一方的权利保护或多方的权利保护,只能是法益平衡或者社会利益最大化这一元极意义之下的次级意义之观点。以系统论为出发点和前提,提出对我国探望制度进行调整之具体设想:以现行宪法为依据,纵向从法律到法规、规章和其他规范性文件,横向从党到立法部门到各相关社会职能部门,通过不同层级不同角度的建章立制,科学研究、调整探望制度,将探望作为义务进行固定,并以国家公权力介入,丰富强制督促执行手段,甚至由国家民政或教育部门代为履行,以保障探望制度目的或作用的真正发挥。在勾勒的探望制度下,探望制度不再是单薄的法律条文,而是一系列不同层级不同方面的立体体系,探望将不再仅仅是权利,也不单单是义务,而是关乎国家社会整体秩序和法益的权利义务综合行为。从而,为社会发展提供更深层次的更符合客观现实社会情况的规范引领。更多还原

【Abstract】 The visitation system involves the visitation subject,the visitation object or object,the visitation object or object’s guardian or other closely related people,the court and the civil affairs Bureau and other public authority four parties,which reflects the legal and prescribed rights and obligations of the system making subject to the divorce and other circumstances caused by the visitation object or object and the visitation subject do not live together.The first visitation system was established in our country in 2001 as the amendment of the Marriage Law.The establishment of the system filled the gap of the marriage and family system and provided legal basis for practice.Scholars have conducted in-depth research on the visitation system and formed a lot of theoretical achievements.However,with the development of society,time and conditions are changing gradually.The visitation system in our country gradually presents its limitation and should be improved.This article is taking this opportunity as the starting point,based on examining the current visitation system in our country,comb the relevant literatures and application articles of visitation theory at home and abroad,and propose the idea or thinking of studying the visitation system in our country under the principle of protecting the rights of visitation object or object while protecting social interests to maximize.The point is to outline the visitation system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.For the convenience of writing and focusing on the narrative,this paper mainly discusses the visitation system of husband and wife’s children under the situation of divorce.Other visitation systems,such as intergenerational visitation and visitation system of children to parents,are only slightly involved,but not further developed.This paper includes five parts: the first part,mainly through literature review,summarizes the domestic and foreign legislative trends and related practices of visitation system;The second part,starting from case and data analysis,summarizes the shortcomings and defects of the current visitation system in our country.At the same time,it discusses the beneficial practices of practical exploration of the visitation system in recent years,and provides practical support and feasibility proof for the tentative research of the system below;The third part provides theoretical support for institutional research by analyzing the basis of visitation right,visitation characteristics,visitation establishment principle,equity and integration between rights and obligations,etc.The fourth part provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of visitation right system in our country by studying and comparing visitation right system.In the fifth part,the article proposes some ideas about visitation system in our country,on the basis of giving enough attention to the three-dimensional or systematic nature of the system,emphasizing that the system should be followed by the principle of maximizing the growth interests of children and social interests,and make clear the provisions of the attributes of visitation obligations,strengthen supervision and the supporting construction of the system on behalf of the system.The innovation of this paper lies in that it has paid enough attention and thought to the logical level of the rights that need to be protected behind the system,and paid enough attention to the three-dimensional system or systematization of the system.On the basis of summarizing various theories,it proposed for the first time that the significance of the establishment of the visitation system lies in the balance of legal interests or the maximization of social interests.It does not simply protect the visitation subject,visitation object or object or other rights.The protection of one party’s rights or the protection of multiple parties’ rights can only be the viewpoint of secondary meaning under the monoculture meaning of balance of legal interests or maximization of social interests.Based on the starting point and premise of the system theory,the paper puts forward some concrete ideas of adjusting the visitation system in our country:Based on the current Constitution,from laws to regulations,rules and other normative documents vertically,and from the Party to legislative departments to relevant social functional departments horizontally,through the establishment of rules and regulations at different levels and angles,scientific research and adjustment of the visitation system are carried out to fix visitation as an obligation,and state public power is involved to enrich the means of compulsory supervision and execution.Even by the national civil affairs or education departments on behalf of the implementation,in order to ensure that the purpose of the visitation system or the role of the real play.Under the visitation system outlined,the visitation system is no longer a thin legal provision,but a series of three-dimensional systems with different levels and aspects.Visitation is no longer just a right or an obligation,but a comprehensive behavior of rights and obligations related to the overall national social order and legal interests.Thus,to provide a deeper level of social development more in line with the objective reality of the social situation of the standard guidance.更多还原