【作者】 张杨；

【导师】 叔贵峰；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 市民社会理论是西方近代以来哲学家们讨论的重要问题。黑格尔对以往囿于知性立场的市民社会理论进行了批判,在其思辨哲学中,家庭、市民社会和国家构成了客观精神在人类社会运动中三个有机环节。马克思则是在对黑格尔市民社会理论批判的扬弃关系上,实现了对于市民社会批判理论的双重超越。黑格尔认为,市民社会虽然冲破了对于家庭的限制而达成了社会的普遍,但从根本上说依旧是客观精神自我运动的必经环节。资本构成的“利益共同体”是理念现实化自身的必然环节,每个社会成员也由此沦落为个人实现自我“私利”的工具。当然,人类社会不会停留于市民社会阶段,理念的精神运动会要求人类走出欲望的市民社会,社会也最终会因全体社会成员的理念化而转变为理念国家。为此,黑格尔提供了超越市民社会的“思辨理性”路径。马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中对黑格尔的市民社会理论进行了全面的批判,并在其后的哲学发展中提供了以实践为基础走出市民社会历史阶段的历史唯物主义路径。马克思坚决反对黑格尔伦理理念国家观的唯心性和神秘性,并从根本上变革了黑格尔超越市民社会的路径和伦理国家方案,即用“人性”的对象化生产方式取代市民社会异化的生产方式,从而将人类从市民社会“私人占有”的生产关系中解放出来,最终进入到“自由人联合体”的人类文明形态中。这便为人类超越市民社会历史阶段提供了科学的“实践”路径。由此,马克思通过对黑格尔市民社会批判理论的变革,赋予了市民社会批判理论以深刻的“实践内涵”,不仅为无产阶级改造世界提供了科学指导,同时也为新时代构建人类命运共同体提供了重要的理论支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 The theory of civil society has been an important issue discussed by western philosophers since modern times.Hegel criticized the civil society theory which is confined to the intellectual standpoint in the past.In his speculative philosophy,family,civil society and state constituted the three organic links of objective spirit in human social movement.Marx,on the other hand,realized the double transcendence of Hegel’s criticism of civil society on the basis of the sublation relation.Hegel believed that although civil society broke through the restrictions on the family and reached the universal society,it was still fundamentally the only link in the objective spiritual self movement.The "community of interests" constituted by capital is an inevitable link for the realization of the concept itself.Therefore,every member of society is reduced to a tool for personal "self-interest".However,human society won’t remain in the stage of civil society.The spiritual movement required human beings to step out of the civil society of desire,and society will eventually transform into the idealization country.For this reason,Hegel provided a path of "speculative reason" beyond civil society.In his Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,Marx comprehensively criticized Hegel’s theory of civil society,and provided a path of historical materialism based on practice to get out of the historical stage of civil society in his subsequent philosophical development.Marx resolutely opposed the solitarism and mystery of Hegel’s ethical concept of the state,and fundamentally changed Hegel’s path and ethical state plan to transcend civil society.He replaced the alienated mode of production of civil society with the objectified mode of production of "humanity",so as to liberate human beings from the production relations of "private possession" of civil society.Finally into the "free man union" of human civilization form.This provides a scientific "practice" path for human beings to surpass the historical stage of civil society.Thus,through the reform of Hegel’s critical theory of civil society,Marx endowed the critical theory of civil society with profound "practical connotation".It not only provided scientific guidance for the proletariat to transform the world,but also provided important theoretical support for the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind in the new era.更多还原