【作者】 张凯；

【导师】 何志鹏；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 联合国教科文组织于1978年通过了《体育教育和体育运动国际宪章》,这是联合国专门就体育权利发表的第一个国际性文件,其第一条即宣示:从事体育运动和体育教育是所有人的基本权利。这意味着该国际性文件将体育权视为了一项人权。既然体育权具有人权的属性,那么从文义解释的角度理解体育人权,跨性别运动员作为“人”也理应享有该权利。然而现实却截然相反,跨性别运动员国际体育参与的人权保障问题特别是其参赛权问题长期以来备受争议。争议双方就“允许跨性别运动员参加国际体育运动是对跨性别运动员人权的保护,还是对顺性别运动员公平竞争权的伤害”议题展开了激烈的讨论。但是关于二者孰轻孰重,简单的对比缺乏体系性的说理,争议双方往往容易陷入论证的逻辑循环。如果从国际体育组织的视角出发,可以看到其在面对这一问题时也显得进退两难。由于既要考虑让跨性别运动员有体育参与的机会,同时又要兼顾赛事的公平,所以国际体育组织选择有条件地赋予跨性别运动员参赛资格,即用性别检测的结果评判跨性别运动员能否参赛。然而,该政策本身以及政策的实施,都使得跨性别运动员的健康、隐私、人格尊严等基本人权受到了侵犯。造成跨性别运动员国际体育参与人权困境的原因是多层面的。一方面,传统性别二元对立观念的固化致使体育运动自古以来就把男性和女性作为赛事分类的标准,这就使得处在“性别中间地带”的跨性别运动员无所适从,几乎没有体育参与的空间。另一方面,人体内的睾酮水平被证明与运动表现和竞争优势存在关联,但是如何用数据准确量化这种关联,目前尚没有充分的科学研究,自然也无法为国际体育组织的政策研究和制定提供强有力的支撑。但从整体来看,国际体育组织在制定政策时,还是以削弱性别优势、保障和促进赛事公平竞争为底层逻辑。进一步可以推出,跨性别运动员国际体育参与的人权与顺性别运动员的公平竞争权之间难以调和的权利冲突才是问题的根源所在。权利冲突理论能够从解释论和方法论的角度为问题的破解提供一种具有理论支撑的系统的分析思路。在权利平等论、权利位阶论和权利边界论三种化解权利冲突的方案中,前两者均存在一定的局限性,并不能有效地解释或解决问题。相比之下,权利边界论具有更多的优势与合理性。权利发生冲突的原因是权利的边界和范围模糊不清,当权利发生冲突时,可以对权利的内涵、边界进行新的阐释和划定,使双方退回到各自界限之内。体育的内在和外在双重价值使得权利冲突理论从抽象走向具体,有助于厘清公平竞争权与体育人权之间的关系。跨性别运动员的国际体育参与可能会导致公平竞争这一体育的核心内在价值的丧失,使体育不再是体育,因此跨性别运动员的体育参与缺乏正当性与合理性,而公平竞争权应获得优先保障。虽然在权利冲突理论下跨性别运动员需要做出一定的牺牲与让步,但是从长远来看,只有不断提高人的自由、促进个体权益和个性的发展,才能够使社会不断进步。因此,结合现实条件,可以尝试从权利冲突的解释论转向规则公平,为跨性别运动员的国际体育参与制定科学、公平的程序,因地制宜、因时制宜做出个案判断,从而实现实体价值与程序价值的统一。更多还原

【Abstract】 The United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization adopted the international charter on Physical Education and Sport in 1978,which is the first international document specifically issued by the United Nations on the right to physical education.Its first article declares that engaging in physical education and physical education is a fundamental right of all people.This means that the international document regards the right to sport as a human right.Since sports rights have the attribute of human rights,understanding sports human rights from the perspective of textual interpretation,transgender athletes as "people" should also enjoy this right.However,the reality is diametrically opposite.The issue of human rights protection for international sports participation of transgender athletes,especially their right to participate,has long been controversial.The two sides in the dispute had a heated discussion on the issue of “whether allowing transgender athletes to participate in international sports is a protection of the human rights of transgender athletes,or an injury to the fair competition rights of female athletes”.However,as for the priority of the two,a simple comparison lacks systematic reasoning,and both parties to the dispute tend to fall into a logical cycle of argumentation.From the perspective of international sports organizations,it can be seen that they also face a dilemma when facing this issue.Due to the need to consider both giving transgender athletes the opportunity to participate in sports and taking into account the fairness of the competition,international sports organizations have chosen to conditionally qualify transgender athletes,that is,using the results of gender testing to judge whether transgender athletes can participate in the competition or not.However,both the policy itself and its implementation have led to violations of basic human rights such as health,privacy,and human dignity of transgender athletes.The reasons for the human rights dilemma of transgender athletes in international sports participation are multifaceted.On the one hand,the solidification of the traditional concept of gender dualism has led to the classification of men and women as the criteria for sports events since ancient times,which has left transgender athletes in the "gender middle zone" at a loss and almost no room for sports participation.On the other hand,the level of testosterone in the human body has been proven to be associated with athletic performance and competitive advantage.However,there is currently insufficient scientific research on how to accurately quantify this association using data,which naturally cannot provide strong support for policy research and formulation by international sports organizations.However,overall,when formulating policies,international sports organizations still take weakening gender advantages,ensuring and promoting fair competition as the underlying logic.It can be further deduced that the root cause of the problem lies in the irreconcilable conflict of rights between the human rights of transgender athletes in international sports participation and the fair competition rights of female athletes.The theory of conflict of rights can provide a systematic analytical approach with theoretical support for solving problems from the perspective of interpretation and methodology.Among the three approaches to resolving rights conflicts,namely,the theory of equality of rights,the theory of right hierarchy,and the theory of right boundaries,the former two have certain limitations and cannot effectively explain or solve the problem.In contrast,the right boundary theory has more advantages and rationality.The reason for the conflict of rights is that the boundaries and scope of rights are unclear.When rights conflict,the connotation and boundaries of rights can be redefined and demarcated,allowing both parties to fall back within their respective boundaries.The dual values of sport,both internal and external,make the theory of conflict of rights move from abstract to concrete,helping to clarify the relationship between the right to fair competition and sports human rights.The international sports participation of transgender athletes may lead to the loss of the core intrinsic value of fair competition,making sport no longer a sport.Therefore,the sports participation of transgender athletes lacks legitimacy and rationality,and the right to fair competition should be given priority protection.Although transgender athletes need to make certain sacrifices and concessions under the theory of conflict of rights,in the long run,only by continuously improving human freedom and promoting the development of individual rights and personality can society continue to progress.Therefore,combining with practical conditions,we can try to shift from the interpretive theory of rights conflicts to rule fairness,establish scientific and fair procedures for the international sports participation of transgender athletes,and make case judgments based on local conditions and times,thereby achieving the unity of substantive value and procedural value.更多还原