【作者】 张琦；

【导师】 王充；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律硕士（非法学）（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,区别于传统强奸案件,具有暴力程度显著弱化、被害人反抗弱化、发案地市区化、当事人关系熟识化等非传统强奸案件成为新常态,在涉及此类案件的刑事审判过程中出现一些难题,尤其集中于强奸罪与非罪的认定上。究其原因,在于“违背妇女意志”近40年都未有深入完善,难以适应不断变化的社会实践,是否仍将之做为强奸罪的必备要件成为争议关键所在。理论上对于此问题主要存在否定说、肯定说以及折中说三种观点。不同学说实则体现的是对强奸罪必备要件的不同解读,从这个角度而言,以违背妇女意志为必备要件对于强奸罪而言具有重要意义,主要体现在以下几个方面:其一,“违背妇女意志”作为必备要件能够直接彰显强奸罪侵犯的法益;其二,“违背妇女意志”作为必备要件有利于强奸罪中其他手段的界定;其三,“违背妇女意志”作为必备要件与强奸罪立法模式的发展趋势相契合;其四,“违背妇女意志”作为必备要件有利于实务中更准确的把握和理解强奸罪。强奸罪以“违背妇女意志”为必备要件,其构成要件中就当然包含有违背妇女意志,理论上对于违背妇女意志应当归属于哪一构成要件存在争议。客观要件将违背妇女意志同强制手段结合考察,以前者为后者评价的内在尺度,能够更为准确地对强奸行为定性。对于违背妇女意志的实质内涵以及对其如何理解理论上也存在争议。作为强奸罪法益的女性性自主权与作为强奸罪本质的违背妇女意志间具有密切联系,以之为理论前提,违背妇女意志的实质内涵可以解释为未征得妇女同意。在对妇女同意的理解上至少包含以下几个基本内容:1、同意的前提条件;2、同意的认识可能性;3、同意的转换性;4、同意的自愿性;5、同意的范围。同意的前提条件是指同意主体必须具有处分权,且具有相应的意思能力。同意的认识可能性是指同意必须通过一定的方式表达于外为人知晓。一般而言,同意应当以明示方式作出,但如果当事人之间依照既往惯例和关系,能够对彼此肢体语言进行准确解读,也可以通过默示的肢体语言作出。同意的转换性是指通常情况下,同意仅针对性行为发生当时具有效力,事后追认无效,但在一定条件下同意也会发生转换。同意的自愿性是指同意是一种自愿的行为,必须出自主体的真实意愿。同意的范围是指同意仅在同意范围内有效。在对违背妇女意志的实质内涵进行理论界定之后,需要探讨其认定路径,找出实践中问题的最优解。四种认定模式都只是对违背妇女意志的客观表现形式所做的具体阐释,而司法实践的纷繁复杂及强奸罪自身所具有的性道德色彩要求在违背妇女意志的认定问题上不能一概而论,应当构建复合型的认定路径,针对不同情形分别适用:当行为人使用具有严重强制性的手段时,适用合理反抗与否定模式相结合的标准;当行为人使用强制性不明显的手段时,主要适用合理反抗与肯定模式相结合的标准。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,different from traditional rape cases,non-traditional rape cases with significantly weakened violence,weakened victim resistance,urban location of the case,and familiarity of the relationship between the parties have become the New Normal.There are some problems in the criminal trial process involving such cases,especially focusing on the identification of rape and non crime.The reason for this lies in the fact that "violating women’s will" has not been thoroughly improved in the past 40 years,making it difficult to adapt to constantly changing social practices.Whether it is still a necessary requirement for rape has become a key issue in controversy.In theory,there are three main views on this issue: negation,affirmation,and compromise.Different theories actually reflect different interpretations of the essential elements of the crime of rape.From this perspective,taking violation of women’s will as a necessary element is of great significance for the crime of rape,mainly reflected in the following aspects: firstly,"violation of women’s will" as a necessary element can directly demonstrate the legal benefits of rape infringement;Secondly,"violating the will of women" as a necessary requirement is conducive to the definition of other means in the crime of rape;Thirdly,the requirement of "violating women’s will" is in line with the development trend of the legislative model for rape crime;Fourthly,"violating the will of women" as a necessary requirement is conducive to a more accurate grasp and understanding of the crime of rape in practice.The crime of rape requires the requirement of "violating the will of women",and its constituent elements naturally include the violation of women’s will.In theory,there is controversy over which constituent element the violation of women’s will should belong to.The objective elements will be examined by combining the violation of women’s will with coercive measures,with the former being the internal criterion for evaluating the latter,which can more accurately characterize rape behavior.There are also theoretical disputes about the essence of violating women’s will and how to understand it.There is a close relationship between the female sexual autonomy as the legal benefit of the crime of rape and the violation of women’s will as the essence of the crime of rape.Taking this as a theoretical premise,the connotation of violating women’s will can be interpreted as not obtaining women’s consent.The understanding of women’s consent includes at least the following basic elements: 1.The preconditions for consent;2.The cognitive possibility of consent;3.Agreed convertibility;4.Voluntary consent;5.Agreed scope.The prerequisite for consent is that the consent subject must have the right to dispose and have the corresponding capacity to agree.The cognitive possibility of consent refers to the fact that consent must be expressed in a certain way and known to others.Generally speaking,consent should be made explicitly,but if the parties can accurately interpret each other’s body language in accordance with past practices and relationships,it can also be made through implicit body language.The transformative nature of consent refers to the fact that consent is generally valid only at the time of the sexual act,and subsequent ratification is invalid.However,consent can also be converted under certain conditions.The voluntary nature of consent refers to the fact that consent is a voluntary act that must emanate from the true will of the subject.The scope of consent means that consent is valid only within the scope of consent.After theoretically defining the essence of violating women’s will,it is necessary to explore its identification path and find the optimal solution to the problem in practice.The four types of identification models are only specific explanations of the objective manifestations of violating women’s will.However,the complexity of judicial practice and the sexual and moral color inherent in the crime of rape require that the identification of violating women’s will not be generalized,and a complex identification path should be constructed,which should be applied to different situations: when the perpetrator uses severely coercive means,Applying the standard of combining reasonable resistance and negative mode;When the perpetrator uses coercive means that are not obvious,the standard of combining reasonable resistance and affirmative mode is mainly applicable.更多还原