跨境人道主义援助中国家同意原则的国际法分析

【作者】 王慧；

【导师】 吴琼；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 人道主义援助制度基于国家主权和人权原则而展开,尤其是在非国际性武装冲突中开展这一行动,更加凸显了这两项国际法原则之间的冲突与协调。非国际性武装冲突中一般会产生政府与反对派组织两方,以叙利亚战争为例,联合国曾在2014年通过安理会强制决议针对反对派控制区设立了跨境人道主义援助机制,以缓解其境内爆发的大规模人道主义危机。这种不经政府控制区而直接进行援助的方式被称为“跨境人道主义援助”,它属于人道主义援助制度的独特形式。跨境人道主义援助模式下,对属于政府控制区内的平民进行人道主义援助应当征得受援国同意这是毫无疑问的,但对于反对派控制区内的平民开展援助行动是否要征得受援国同意,引起了学界部分学者的讨论。争议的焦点主要集中于日内瓦四公约共同第三条、《第二附加议定书》相关条文的解读中。本文将从五个方面来讨论跨境人道主义援助中的国家同意问题。第一部分阐述跨境人道主义援助和国家同意原则的内涵、发展及国际法依据。国际法上虽未对跨境人道主义援助进行有拘束力的定义,但从国际实践中不难发现跨境人道主义援助的特征;传统国际法认为国家主权原则是国家同意原则的核心,因此国家主权原则便是国家同意的法理依据。第二部分从国际实践中引出国家同意原则在跨境人道主义援助中存在的争议。包括冲突之各方的表述争议、有关缔约一方的理解争议、国家同意的法律属性争议。对这些争议进行法律分析得出结论——开展跨境人道主义援助需要征得受援国同意。第三部分对受援国拒绝接受援助时国家同意原则的例外情形进行了列举,包括保护的责任、安理会强制决议、不得任意拒绝援助规则。第四部分讨论国家同意原则在适用方面遇到的一些困境。比如国际法依据不完善、限制国家同意原则适用的例外情形本身具有较大的争议。第五部分是针对适用困境提出的完善路径以及中国在跨境人道主义援助机制发展的趋势下如何应对。国家主权和人权之间的冲突与协调是国际社会一直以来急需解决的问题,本文所研究的跨境人道主义援助中的国家同意问题正是国家主权和人权之间的较量,我们从该问题以小见大,或许能对主权和人权之间的协调与平衡有更深入的认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 The humanitarian assistance system is based on the principles of State sovereignty and human rights,especially in the context of non-international armed conflicts,highlighting the conflict and coordination between these two principles of international law.Non-international armed conflicts usually involve governments and reactionary organizations.Take the Syrian war as an example.In 2014,the United Nations established a cross-border humanitarian aid mechanism for the rebel-controlled areas through a compulsory resolution of the Security Council,so as to alleviate the large-scale humanitarian crisis within its territory.This direct delivery of aid without passing through government-controlled areas is known as "cross-border humanitarian assistance" and is a unique form of the humanitarian aid system.Under the mode of cross-border humanitarian aid,it is no doubt that humanitarian aid to civilians in government-controlled areas should obtain the consent of recipient countries,but whether to obtain the consent of recipient countries to carry out aid operations for civilians in reactionary-controlled areas has aroused some scholars’ discussion.The focus of the dispute is mainly on the interpretation of common article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions and relevant provisions of Additional Protocol II.This paper will discuss the state consent in cross-border humanitarian aid from five aspects.The first part describes the connotation,development and international law basis of the principle of cross-border humanitarian assistance and national consent.Although there is no binding definition of cross-border humanitarian aid in international law,it is not difficult to find the characteristics of cross-border humanitarian aid from international practice.The traditional international law believes that the principle of state sovereignty is the core of the principle of state consent,so the principle of state sovereignty is the legal basis of state consent.The second part draws out the controversy of the principle of state consent in cross-border humanitarian aid from international practice.Including the dispute over the expression of the parties to the conflict,the dispute over the understanding of the contracting party concerned,and the dispute over the legal nature agreed by the State;A legal analysis of these disputes concludes that cross-border humanitarian aid requires the consent of recipient countries.The third part lists the exceptions to the principle of state consent when the recipient countries refuse to accept aid,including but not limited to the responsibility of protection,compulsory resolutions of the Security Council,and rules against arbitrary refusal of aid.The fourth part discusses some difficulties encountered in the application of the principle of state consent.For example,the international law basis is not perfect,the exception situation restricting the application of the principle of consent of states itself has great controversy.The fifth part is the improvement path for the application dilemma and how China responds to the development trend of cross-border humanitarian aid mechanism.The conflict and coordination between national sovereignty and human rights has always been a problem urgently needed to be solved by the international community.The issue of state consent in cross-border humanitarian aid studied in this paper is exactly the contest between national sovereignty and human rights.From this issue,we may have a deeper understanding of the coordination and balance between sovereignty and human rights.更多还原