【作者】 王巍；

【导师】 顾佳音；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 林学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 在我国,野猪(Sus scrofa)造成的人兽冲突日益加重,并导致严重的经济损失和生态系统破坏。了解野猪觅食、卧息等重要行为状态的生境选择特征及时间发生规律对科学管理策略的制定及避免人兽冲突极为重要。本研究基于2019-2022年小兴安岭南坡13头野猪(5雌8雄)春季和冬季的卫星定位跟踪数据,结合隐马尔科夫模型(Hidden Markov Model,HMM)以及步选择函数(Step Selection Function,SSF)对野猪觅食、卧息、迁移三种行为状态的生境选择、日行为节律及时间分配进行了分析,探讨了自然环境以及人为景观等因素对野猪特定行为状态生境选择及行为节律的影响。研究结果如下:1.通过野猪的移动轨迹可以识别出三种主要的行为状态:一种是短步长,其中雌性春季平均步长为19.9±0.4 m,冬季平均步长为21.7±0.3 m,雄性春季平均步长为18.0±0.2m,冬季平均步长为13.0±0.2 m,大转弯角接近π/-π的状态,定义为卧息;一种是短到中长步长,其中雌性春季平均步长为64.3±1.6 m,冬季平均步长为87.2±1.6 m,雄性春季平均步长为132.1±1.9 m,冬季平均步长为122±2.6 m,大转弯角接近π/-π的状态,定义为觅食;一种是长步长,其中雌性春季平均步长为320±16.2 m,冬季平均步长为327.6±8.0 m,雄性春季平均步长为394.4±7.5 m,冬季平均步长为371.0±8.6 m转弯角度更集中在0度的状态,定义为迁移。2.雌性野猪春季表现出夜间及清晨卧息,白天觅食,黄昏迁移的行为模式;冬季表现出夜间卧息,白天觅食,黄昏迁移的行为模式;雄性野猪春季表现出白天卧息,黄昏迁移的行为模式,一天中最频繁发生的行为是觅食行为;冬季表现出夜间及清晨卧息、下午觅食迁移的行为模式。经H检验发现雌雄野猪春季和冬季三种行为状态在不同时段发生频率均存在显著差异(p<0.05)。雌性和雄性野猪春季觅食行为的发生频率均较高,雌性野猪冬季觅食行为的发生频率大部分时间均大于雄性野猪,日出和日落对野猪各行为状态的发生有影响。3.在春季,雌性野猪卧息和觅食时均偏爱选择在海拔高、坡度小的阴坡,而迁移时偏爱在海拔高,坡度小的区域;雄性野猪卧息行为状态偏爱在混交林内,坡度大的阴坡,觅食时偏爱混交林或落叶阔叶林内,海拔低的区域,迁移时偏爱在落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林内,海拔低、坡度小距河流近的区域;在冬季,雌性野猪卧息和觅食时均偏爱选择在海拔高、坡度大的阳坡,迁移时偏爱在混交林内的阳坡;雄性野猪卧息时偏爱选择坡度大、海拔高、接近河流的阳坡,在觅食时偏爱距河流近、坡度小的区域,迁移时偏爱常绿阔叶林内,坡度小、距河流近的阳坡。综合来看,地形是影响雌性野猪春季和雌雄野猪冬季三种行为状态生境选择的主要因子,地形和植被类型是影响雄性野猪春季三种行为状态生境选择的主要因子。研究结果为野猪入侵区域的预测和预警、捕获地点的选择等具体管控措施提供参考,为提高野猪管理措施的有效性提供新思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 In China,human-animal conflicts caused by wild boars(Sus scrofa)are becoming more and more serious,resulting in serious economic losses and ecosystem destruction.It is very important to understand the habitat selection characteristics and time occurrence rules of wild boar’s important behaviors such as foraging and resting,so as to formulate scientific management strategies and avoid human-animal conflicts.Based on the spring and winter satellite positioning tracking data of 13 wild boars(5 females and 8 males)at the southern of the Lesser Khingan Mountainsfrom from 2019 to 2022,this study combined with the Hidden Markov Model and Step Selection Function to analyze the habitat selection,daily behavior rhythm and time allocation of the three behavior states of foraging,resting and travelling of wild boar.The effects of natural environment and man-made landscape on habitat selection and behavior rhythm of wild boar were discussed.The results as follows:1.Three main behavior states can be identified by the travelling trajectory of wild boar:one is short step length,in which the average step length of female in spring is 19.9±0.4 m,the average step length of winter is 21.7±0.3 m,the average step length of male in spring is18.0±0.2 m,the average step length of winter is 13.0±0.2 m,and the large turn Angle is close to π/-π,which is defined as resting.One is short to medium length,in which the average step length of female is 64.3 ±1.6 m in spring and 87.2±1.6 m in winter,the average step length of male is 132.1±1.9 m in spring and 122±2.6 m in winter,and the large turn Angle close to π/-π,which is defined as foraging.One is the long step length,in which the average step length of female is 320± 16.2 m in spring and 327.6± 8.0 m in winter.The average step length of male is394.4±7.5 m in spring and 371.0±8.6 m in winter,and the turn Angle is more concentrated in the state of 0 degree,which is defined as travelling.2.Female wild boar in spring showed the behavior pattern of resting at night and early in the morning,foraging during the day and travelling at dusk.In winter,it shows the behavior pattern of resting at night,foraging during the day and travelling at dusk.In spring,male wild boar showed the behavior pattern of resting during the day and travelling at dusk.The most frequent behavior in a day was foraging.In winter,males showed the behavior pattern of resting in the morning and foraging and travelling in the afternoon.H test showed that there were significant differences in the occurrence frequency of three behavioral states in spring and winter(p < 0.05).The frequency of foraging behavior in spring is higher in both female and male wild boars,and the frequency of foraging behavior in winter in female wild boars is higher than that in male wild boars in most of the time.Sunrise and sunset have an impact on the occurrence of behavior states in wild boars.3.In spring,female wild boar preferred to rest and forage on shady slopes with high altitude and low slope,while travelling in areas with high altitude and low slope.Male wild boar prefer to rest in mixed forest and shady slope with large slope.They prefer to forage in mixed forest or deciduous broad-leaved forest,low altitude area,and to move in deciduous broad-leaved forest,evergreen broad-leaved forest,low altitude area with small slope and close to river.In winter,female wild boar preferred to rest and forage on the sunny slope with high elevation and high slope,and to move on the sunny slope habitat in the mixed forest.Male wild boar prefer to choose the sunny slope with high elevation and slope close to the river when resting,prefer the area near the river with low slope when foraging,and prefer the sunny slope near the river in the evergreen broad-leaved forest when travelling.In conclusion,terrain is the main factor affecting habitat selection of female wild boar in spring and male and female wild boar in winter,while terrain and vegetation type are the main factors affecting habitat selection of male wild boar in spring.The results of this study provide reference for specific control measures such as prediction and early warning of wild boar invasion areas,selection of capture sites and so on,and provide new ideas for improving the effectiveness of wild boar management measures.更多还原