我国西部农村地区早期干预对早期人力资本发展的影响研究

【作者】 李慧；

【导师】 王蕾；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 数量经济学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 改革开放以来,我国始终以经济建设为中心,成功从低收入迈入中等偏上收入国家,综合国力和国际影响力显著提升。但目前我国经济正面临着增速放缓、结构转型等问题,根据国际经验,我国要想进一步促进经济持续增长、跨越中等收入陷阱,关键在于全面提高我国的人力资本素质。人力资本的形成与发展是一个长期积累的过程,从经济学角度来看,生命全周期中人力资本投入产出比最高的时期是早期人力资本发展时期,对人力资本的积累是非常重要的,最终将有利于经济增长。目前,国内早期人力资本发展存在者非常明显的区域不平衡问题,约有4500万0-3岁的儿童,在经济、资源和受教育程度方面存在严重的城乡差距,政策并没有全面覆盖及推广,因此提高农村地区人力资本质量是解决国内整体人力资本质量的关键。国际上许多研究已经证实,恰当的早期干预不仅可以有效促进早期人力资本发展,还通过改善主要照养人的养育投资、家庭环境等影响早期人力资本发展。国际上实施的早期干预对象是主要照养人,其大多为儿童的父母,但在中国的本土文化背景下,儿童在0-3岁阶段,通常是母亲或祖母承担儿童家庭教育和照养的全部责任。然而父亲养育和母亲养育都是家庭养育中不可或缺的组成部分,都对儿童的成长产生独特而深刻的影响。在我国,受各种因素的影响,家庭教养过程中父亲缺位比较普遍,随着三孩政策的推进,家庭教养模式的多元形态正在形成,父亲参与养育逐渐成为常态。但我国目前的早期干预通过家访开展,覆盖面相对有限,大多干预对象主要集中在儿童的主要照养人(即母亲或祖母),缺乏将父亲纳入中国的早期人力资本发展干预项目中;缺乏对干预背后影响机制进行深入研究。目前的研究也多数是对小样本进行调查,该问题的大样本调查是不足的,从而不利于对研究进行整体性分析。为解决上述研究不足,2019年起,在我国西部农村地区进行随机干预实验,于2020年结束,采取的干预形式是亲子小组活动及家访活动。该项干预实验的样本观测值为1024,有0-3岁早期人力资本发展水平、父亲养育投资、主要照养人养育投资、以及家庭其他相关信息。本研究主要是用实验经济学和计量经济学的方法,在了解农村地区早期人力资本发展现状和养育投资(主要照养人及父亲养育投资)现状的基础上,进一步探讨分析早期干预对早期人力资本发展的影响及机制。本研究旨在分析干预增加主要照养人养育投资,对早期人力资本发展产生影响,以及是否通过增加父亲养育投资对早期人力资本发展产生影响,为我国农村地区早期人力资本发展的提升提供切实且科学可行的政策建议。为实现上述目标,本研究的内容如下:(1)描述中国西部农村地区早期人力资本发展水平现状、养育投资现状,并研究早期人力资本发展与主要照养人及父亲养育投资的相关关系。(2)评估早期干预对早期人力资本发展、主要照养人养育投资、父亲养育投资的影响。(3)分析早期干预对早期人力资本发展的影响机制,主要照养人养育投资、父亲养育投资是否存在中介效应。本研究的结论如下:(1)样本地区早期人力资本发展存在滞后风险较为严重,儿童主要照养人养育投资相对较为薄弱、父亲养育投资更为缺乏,主要照养人养育投资、父亲养育投资与早期人力资本发展存在一定的相关性。(2)通过平均干预和局部平均干预得到的效果显示,早期干预在儿童认知、社会情感和运动发展水平均拥有显著的提高作用。同时,干预可以十分明显的提高主要照养人养育投资,也显著提高父亲读写活动方面的养育投资。(3)在干预对早期人力资本发展的影响机制中,主要照养人养育投资存在中介效应,即干预通过提高主要照养人养育投资进而促进早期人力资本发展水平的提高。父亲养育投资中社交互动、读写活动方面存在中介效应,即干预通过提高父亲养育投资进而促进早期人力资本发展水平的提高。据研究结果,提出以下政策建议:第一,家庭层面,父亲需要转变传统的教育观念,积极地参与、投入到儿童养育中,与主要照养人一起共同承担儿童养育的责任,进行科学养育,提高养育投资,促进早期人力资本发展。第二,社会层面,应优化国内现行教育投资结构,提高早期人力资本发展阶段的教育投资力度,以及向农村地区倾斜教育资源。第三,国家层面,加强对早期人力资本发展重要性以及正确积极的家庭养育投资进行宣传与指导,尤其是父亲养育投资,建立父亲养育投资的保障机制。第四,为政府提供早期人力资本发展服务的方向和科学方法。第五,政策制定者设计及推广时,应考虑加入针对儿童父亲的干预措施或项目。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the reform and opening up,China has always focused on economic construction,successfully entered the upper middle-income countries from low-income countries,and its comprehensive national strength and international influence have increased significantly.However,at present,China’s economy is facing problems such as slow growth and structural transformation.According to international experience,the key to further promote sustained economic growth and cross the middle-income trap is to comprehensively improve the quality of China’s human capital.The formation and development of human capital is a long-term accumulation process.From the perspective of economics,the period with the highest input-output ratio of human capital in the whole life cycle is the early period of human capital development,which is very important for the accumulation of human capital and will eventually be conducive to economic growth.At present,there is a very obvious regional imbalance in the early development of human capital in China.There are about 45 million children aged 0-3 years.There is a serious gap between urban and rural areas in terms of economy,resources and education level,and the policy has not been fully covered and popularized.Therefore,improving the quality of human capital in rural areas is the key to solve the overall quality of human capital in China.Many international studies have confirmed that appropriate early intervention can not only effectively promote the development of early human capital,but also affect the development of early human capital by improving the upbringing investment and family environment of the main caregivers.The early intervention targets implemented internationally are the main caregivers,most of whom are the children’s parents.However,under the local cultural background of China,the children are 0-3 years old,and the mother or grandmother usually takes full responsibility for the children’s family education and care.However,both father raising and mother raising are indispensable parts of family raising,which have a unique and profound impact on children’s growth.In China,influenced by various factors,the absence of father in the process of family upbringing is relatively common.With the promotion of the three child policy,multiple forms of family upbringing model are taking shape,and father’s participation in child upbringing has gradually become the norm.However,the current early intervention in China is carried out through the home visit mode,with limited coverage.Most of the intervention objects are mainly focused on the main caregivers of children(i.e.mothers or grandmothers),and the father is not included in China’s early human capital development intervention projects;Lack of in-depth research on the impact mechanism behind the intervention.At present,most of the research is to investigate small samples,and the large sample survey of this problem is insufficient,which is not conducive to the overall analysis of the research.In order to solve the above research deficiencies,random intervention experiments have been carried out in rural areas in Western China since 2019 and will end in 2020.The intervention forms are family group activities and home visit services.The sample observation value of the intervention experiment is 1024,including the level of human capital development in the early stage of 0-3 years old,father’s parenting investment,main caregiver’s parenting investment,and other relevant family information.This study mainly uses the methods of experimental economics and econometrics to further explore and analyze the impact and mechanism of early intervention on the development of early human capital on the basis of understanding the current situation of early human capital development and parenting investment in rural areas.The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of intervention to increase the investment in the upbringing of main caregivers on the development of early human capital,and whether it has an impact on the development of early human capital by increasing the investment in the upbringing of fathers,so as to provide practical,scientific and feasible policy suggestions for the improvement of early human capital development in rural areas of China.In order to achieve the above objectives,the contents of this study are as follows:(1)describe the current situation of early human capital development and parenting investment in rural areas of Western China,and study the relationship between early human capital development and parenting investment of main caregivers and fathers.(2)To evaluate the impact of early intervention on early human capital development,investment in the upbringing of main caregivers and investment in the upbringing of fathers.(3)Analyze the impact mechanism of early intervention on early human capital development,mainly according to whether there is an intermediary effect between foster care investment and father care investment.The conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)there is a serious lag risk in the development of early human capital in the sample area.The investment in children’s main caregiver is relatively weak,and the investment in father’s parenting is even less.There is a certain correlation between the investment in main caregiver and father’s parenting and the development of early human capital.(2)The results of average intervention and local average intervention show that early intervention can significantly improve children’s cognitive,social emotional and motor development.At the same time,the intervention can significantly improve the investment in the upbringing of the main caregivers and the father’s literacy activities.(3)In the impact mechanism of intervention on the development of early human capital,there is an intermediary effect of the investment in the upbringing of main caregivers,that is,the intervention promotes the improvement of the development level of early human capital by increasing the investment in the upbringing of main caregivers.There is a mediating effect in social interaction and reading and writing activities in father rearing investment,that is,intervention can promote the early development level of human capital by improving father rearing investment.According to the research results,the following policy suggestions are put forward:first,at the family level,fathers need to change the traditional concept of education,actively participate in and invest in child rearing,share the responsibility of child rearing with the main caregivers,carry out scientific parenting,improve parenting investment and promote the development of early human capital.Second,at the social level,we should optimize the current domestic educational investment structure,improve the educational investment in the early stage of human capital development,and tilt educational resources to rural areas.Third,at the national level,strengthen publicity and guidance on the importance of early human capital development and correct and positive family parenting investment,especially father parenting investment,and establish a guarantee mechanism for father parenting investment.Fourth,provide the direction and scientific methods of early human capital development services for the government.Fifth,when designing and promoting,policy makers should consider adding interventions or projects for children’s fathers.更多还原