【作者】 王志强；

【导师】 黄寅生；

【作者基本信息】 南京理工大学 ， 军事化学与烟火技术， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 为了探索纳米铝热剂-猛炸药复合物代替传统起爆药的可能性,以纳米Al粉、纳米Bi₂O₃、工业级六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HNIW）以及纳米HNIW为原料,采用溶剂-非溶剂（Solvent-nonsolvent Method,SN）和物理混合（Physical Mixing Method,PM）两种方法分别制备了Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW复合物,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、定压燃烧试验、铅板试验等对制备的复合物性能进行表征和测试。论文的主要研究内容及成果如下:（1）采用溶剂-非溶剂法将HNIW与纳米颗粒进行混合,获得具有包覆结构的Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）复合物。形貌表征结果表明所制得的复合物中Al/Bi₂O₃均匀的包覆在HNIW表面,药剂混合均匀,形成微米大小的颗粒,而且HNIW在溶解重结晶过程中晶型保持不变,为复合物优异的性能提供了保证。（2）借用HSC Chemistry软件研究了Al/Bi₂O₃、Al与HNIW分解产物的二次反应（Al/H₂O、Al/CO₂）的热力学平衡特性。结果表明Al/Bi₂O₃的反应速率和产气量均优于Al/H₂O、Al/CO₂,在复合物中Al粉过多的参与H₂O、CO₂等物质的反应势必降低复合物的性能。通过热力学分析方法研究了复合物的放热反应特性,并对此结果进行验证,表明溶剂-非溶剂法制备的复合物因其结构优势,相比于物理混合法制备复合物减少了此类反应的发生,具体表现在分解温度、质量、反应热三个方面的不同。（3）采用高速摄影系统的研究了Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）复合物在敞开环境以及PMMA管中的燃烧性能。结果表明纳米铝热剂Al/Bi₂O₃与HNIW之间优势互补,将更快的反应速率和更多的产气量相结合,燃烧猛烈而且均匀;将复合物松装在PMMA管中,可以清楚的看到火焰传播情况,火焰前沿呈锥形,冲击波沿轴向传递。（4）开展了复合物在密闭环境下的燃烧实验,Al/Bi₂O₃与HNIW的质量比为3:7时,结合压力-时间特性曲线,Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）复合物的增压速率为2.914 GPa·s^-1,约为Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（PM）的三倍,而且升压时间短。（5）采用溶剂-非溶剂法制备的Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW因其优异的安全性和起爆性能,有望作为雷管起爆药替代物使用。其静电感度明显低于斯蒂芬酸铅（Lead Styphnate,LS）和叠氮化铅（Lead Azide,LA）,甚至低于猛炸药太安（PETN）;采用PETN作为过渡药,Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）能够可靠起爆黑索今（RDX）装药。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to explore the possibility of substituting nanothermite-explosive hybrid composites for primary explosive,nano-Al,nano-Bi₂O₃,raw HNIW and nano-HNIW were used to prepare Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW by two methods:solvent-nonsolvent method（SN）and physical mixing method（PM）.The properties of Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW were characterized by scanning electron microscope（SEM）,X-ray diffractometer（XRD）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,closed bomb test and lead plate test.The main contents and achievements of the research are as follows:（1）The solvent-non-solvent method was used to assemble HNIW and nanoparticles to obtain Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）with a coated structure.The microscopic morphology characterization and composition analysis results show that the Al/Bi₂O₃ in the prepared composite is uniformly coated on the surface of HNIW,the medicament is uniformly mixed to form micron spherical particles,and the crystal form of HNIW remains in the process of dissolution and recrystallization.Change to get the best performance.（2）The HSC Chemistry software was used to simulate the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of Al/H₂O、Al/CO₂ and Al/Bi₂O₃.The results show that the reaction rate and gas production of Al/Bi₂O₃are better than those of Al/H₂O and Al/CO₂.Excessive participation of Al powder in the reaction of H₂O,CO₂and other substances in the composite will definitely reduce the performance of the composite.The exothermic reaction characteristics of the composite were studied by thermodynamic analysis,and the results were verified.It shows that the composite prepared by the solvent-non-solvent method reduces such reactions compared to the physical mixing method due to its structural advantages.The occurrence of is specifically manifested in the differences in decomposition temperature,quality change,and reaction heat.（3）The combustion performance of Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）composite in open environment and PMMA tube was studied using high-speed photography system.The results show that the advantages of nano-thermite Al/Bi₂O₃ and HNIW are complementary,combining a faster reaction rate and more gas production,and burning fiercely and uniformly;the composite is loosely packed in a PMMA tube,which can be clearly seen When the flame spreads,the flame front is tapered and the shock wave is transmitted along the axial direction.（4）The combustion experiment of the composite in a closed environment was carried out.The optimal mass ratio of Al/Bi₂O₃ to HNIW for Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）is 3:7,with a high pressurization rate of 2.914 GPa·s^-1,which is triple of Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（PM）,and the pressurization time is shorter.（5）Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）is expected to be used as a substitute for primary explosive for its excellent safety and initiation performance.The electrostatic sensitivity of Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）is significantly lower than lead styphnate and lead azide,and even PETN.Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）can detonate RDX using PETN as intermediate charge.更多还原