【作者】 王淑丽；

【导师】 张薇薇；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 法学理论， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 我国司法实践中代孕案件数量不断增长,而法官说理反映的态度,实际上是很尴尬的。法官依据效力不高的部门规章和抽象的公序良俗原则认定合同无效,但是代孕现象却屡禁不止。所带来的问题是法官说理依据的不足,法律信仰的难以形成,法律权威的损害,以及对当事人权益保护的不重视。在代孕不为法律明确承认、灰色地带无法规制的现实之下,仅仅通过合同无效难以通过法律的力量维护当事人的利益和伦理秩序。我们不得不反思代孕本身的合理性。代孕的权利要求是科技发展和权利观念发展的产物,是先天的生育需求与后天科学技术的结合,本应是生育权这项基本权利的衍生权利,它虽然包含着经济因素,却是并未改变生育性质的理性经济行为,也具有道德基础,是人的尊严的要求。从新兴权利的角度来说,它符合权利的意涵,可以为现行法包容,同时具有实现的可能,因而具有合理性。代孕主体从不同程度来说都属于“弱者”的范畴,应该区分弱者权利保护原则在公法与私法上的态度。公法规定的弱者权利保护应该侧重国家义务,强调对个人权利的确立及积极的救助义务;而私法上的弱者保护,国家要保证交易中主体地位的平等。不具备生育能力的代孕委托者,如果不被允许代孕,实际上是国家在创造弱者。同时,代孕母亲的意思自治和权利要求也应该得到尊重和保障。代孕关系中,国家的角色不应该是禁止,而应该在充分考虑主体理性和利益,最大限度尊重意思自治,最低限度减少损害的基础上规制。需要对代孕的权利要求给予立法回应,包括现行法的确立与规范,同时要规定代孕的立法限度。代孕立法应该严格赋权于生育行为能力不足的主体,充分保障双方当事人意思表示的真实与自愿,确保对代孕内容及后果的同意;坚持最有利于子女利益原则,对代孕委托者的条件予以适当限制。但限制本身不是目的,对代孕主体的限制是为了明确代孕条件,平衡委托者的生育权与代孕母亲的平等地位。对代孕合理规制也是代孕被立法承认的前提。更多还原

【Abstract】 The number of surrogacy cases in China’s judicial practice is increasing,and the judge’s reasoning attitude is actually very embarrassing.In practice,the contract is deemed invalid according to the ineffective departmental rules and the abstract principle of public order and good customs,while the phenomenon of surrogacy continues despite repeated prohibitions.The problems are the lack of reasoning basis of the judge,the difficulty of forming legal belief,the damage of legal authority,and the lack of attention to the protection of the rights and interests of the parties.In the reality that surrogacy is not clearly recognized by the law and cannot be regulated in the gray area,it is difficult to safeguard the interests and ethical order of the parties through the force of law only through the invalidation of the contract.We have to reflect on the rationality of surrogacy itself.The claim of surrogacy is the product of the development of science and technology and the concept of rights.It is the combination of congenital reproductive needs and acquired science and technology.It should be a derivative right of the basic right of reproductive rights.Although it contains economic factors,it is a rational economic behavior that does not change the nature of fertility.It also has a moral foundation and is the requirement of human dignity.From the perspective of emerging rights,it conforms to the meaning of rights,can be contained by the current law,and has the possibility of realization,so it is reasonable.The surrogate subject belongs to the category of "the weak"to varying degrees.We should distinguish the attitude of the principle of the protection of the rights of the weak in public law and private law.The protection of the rights of the weak in public law should focus on state obligations,emphasizing the establishment of individual rights and active relief obligations.For the protection of the weak in private law,the state should ensure the equality of subject status in transactions.If surrogate clients who do not have fertility are not allowed to surrogate,the state is actually creating the weak.At the same time,the autonomy and rights of surrogate mothers should also be respected and guaranteed.In the surrogacy relationship,the role of the state should not be prohibited,but should be regulated on the basis of fully considering the rationality and interests of the subject,respecting the autonomy of will to the greatest extent and minimizing damage.It is necessary to give a legislative response to the claims of surrogacy,including the establishment and standardization of the current law,and stipulate the legislative limits of surrogacy.Surrogacy legislation should strictly empower the subject with insufficient reproductive capacity,fully ensure the authenticity and voluntariness of the expression of will of both parties,and ensure the consent to the content and consequences of surrogacy;Adhere to the principle of being most beneficial to the interests of children and appropriately restrict the conditions of surrogate clients.However,the restriction itself is not the purpose.The restriction on the surrogate subject is to clarify the surrogate conditions and balance the reproductive rights of the client and the equal status of the surrogate mother.Reasonable regulation of surrogacy is also the premise for surrogacy to be recognized by legislation.更多还原