【作者】 张迪；

【导师】 赵宏伟；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 中国是水稻生产和消费大国。2019年种植面积达到2969万公顷,产量为2.09亿吨。黑龙江省是我国重要的商品粮种植基地,2019年黑龙江省栽培面积为381万公顷,产量2773.5万吨,占全国产量13%,为我国粮食安全提供了重要保障。合理密植是保障水稻高产重要措施。氮代谢是作物体内关键的基础代谢途径之一,对维持代谢途径和生理功能具有至关重要作用。本试验以龙稻18号(LD18)和松粳22号(SJ22)为试验材料,设置5个插秧密度,分别为G1:30.00cm×20.00cm(16.67万穴/公顷),G2:30.00cm×16.67 cm(20.00万穴/公顷),G3:30.00cm×13.33cm(25.06万穴/公顷),G4:30.00cm×10.00cm(33.33万穴/公顷),G5:30.00cm×6.67cm(49.98万穴/公顷),研究插秧密度对寒地粳稻根系形态及活力,功能叶片及强弱势粒氮代谢关键酶活性,各器官氮素积累、转运、分配,氮素形态,籽粒蛋白质含量及产量的影响,明确不同插秧密度下寒地粳稻功能叶片及强弱势粒氮代谢关键酶活性的变化规律,揭示不同插秧密度对水稻根系形态及活力的调控效应,丰富水稻氮代谢生理基础,旨在为水稻高产栽培技术体系建立提供理论依据。本试验主要结果如下:1.随生育进程推进,两品种根长密度、根体积、根表面积、根平均直径和根系活力呈先升高后降低趋势,均于抽穗期达到最大值。随插秧密度的增大,LD18根长密度、根体积、根表面积、根平均直径在G3处理下达到最大值,SJ22在G4处理下达到最大值,抽穗期-灌浆期显著高于其它处理。根平均直径和根系活力随插秧密度的增加而降低。分蘖期-抽穗期两品种G1和G2处理根系活力显著高于其它处理。抽穗期LD18 G1处理根平均直径显著高于其它处理;SJ22 G1与G2处理显著高于其它处理,G1与G2处理差异不显著。2.根系和叶片NR、GS、GOGAT、GPT、GOT及GDH活性均于抽穗期达到最大值。随插秧密度的增加,LD18和SJ22拔节期-灌浆期根系和叶片氮代谢关键酶(除GDH外)分别在G3和G4处理下活性最高,两品种在G3和G4插秧密度下氮代谢关键酶活性显著高于其他处理。两品种根系和叶片GDH活性随插秧密度增加而升高,抽穗期G5处理叶片GDH活性显著高于其他处理,抽穗期G4和G5处理间根系GDH活性差异不显著,显著高于其他处理。LD18灌浆期G5处理根系和叶片GDH活性显著高于其他处理,SJ22G4和G5处理间GDH活性差异不显著,但显著高于其它处理。3.随生育进程推进,籽粒NR、GS、GOGAT、GPT、GOT及GDH呈先升高后降低趋势,花后21d强势粒氮代谢关键酶活性取得最大值,28d弱势粒取得最大值。随插秧密度增加,花后14-28d LD18在G3处理强、弱势粒NR、GS、GOGAT、GPT和GOT活性取得最大值,SJ22在G4处理取得最大值,显著高于其它处理。随插秧密度增加,两品种籽粒GDH活性呈上升趋势,花后14-28d两品种籽粒G4和G5处理GDH活性显著显著高于其它处理。4.随插秧密度增加,水稻强、弱势粒蛋白质含量降低。花后7-14d两品种G1处理籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于其它四个处理。5.随生育进程的推进,两品种根系、叶片和茎鞘硝态氮及铵态氮含量先升高后降低,在抽穗期取得最大值。随插秧密度升高,叶片、茎鞘和籽粒硝态氮及铵态氮含量先升高后降低,LD18 G3处理硝态氮和铵态氮含量处理含量最高,SJ22 G4处理最高,拔节期-灌浆期两品种G3和G4处理显著高于其它处理。两品种根系硝态氮和铵态氮含量呈降低趋势,拔节期-成熟期G1和G3处理显著高于其它处理。6.随生育进程的推进,水稻根系、叶片和茎鞘氮素积累量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在抽穗期达到最大值。随插秧密度的增加,LD18 G3处理根系、叶片和茎鞘氮素积累量取得最大值,SJ22 G4处理取得最大值。抽穗期两品种G3和G4处理根系、茎鞘和叶片氮素积累量显著高于其它处理。成熟期LD18 G3处理,SJ22 G4处理籽粒氮素积累量显著高于其它处理。随插秧密度增加,水稻营养器官氮素输出率、氮转运贡献率呈上升的趋势,两品种G5处理显著高于其它处理。7.LD18在G3处理产量最高,最适插秧密度为30.00cm×13.33cm(25.06万穴/公顷);SJ22在G4处理产量最高,最适插秧密度为30.00cm×10.00cm(33.33万穴/公顷)。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is a big producer and consumer of rice.In 2019,the planting area will reach 29.69 million hectares and the output will be 209 million tons.Heilongjiang Province is an important commercial grain planting base in China.In 2019,the cultivation area of Heilongjiang Province was 3.81 million hectares,with a yield of 27.735 million tons,accounting for 13%of the national yield,providing an important guarantee for China’s food security.Reasonable close planting is an important measure to ensure high yield of rice.Nitrogen metabolism is one of the key basic metabolic pathways in crops,which plays a vital role in maintaining metabolic pathways and physiological functions.In this experiment,Longdao 18(LD18)and Songjing 22(SJ22)were used as experimental materials,and five transplanting densities were set,which were g1:30.00 cm respectively × 20.00cm(16.67 million holes / HA),G2: 30.00cm× 16.67 cm(20.00 million holes / HA),G3: 30.00 cm × 13.33cm(25.06 million holes / HA),G4: 30.00 cm × 10.00cm(33.33 million holes / HA),G5: 30.00 cm × 6.67cm(49.98 million holes / HA),study the effects of transplanting density on the root morphology and activity of Japonica Rice in cold area,the key enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism in functional leaves and strong and weak grains,nitrogen accumulation,transport and distribution in various organs,nitrogen form,grain protein content and yield,and clarify the change rules of key enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism in functional leaves and strong and weak grains of Japonica Rice in cold area under different transplanting density,To reveal the regulatory effects of different transplanting density on rice root morphology and activity,and enrich the physiological basis of rice nitrogen metabolism,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of rice high-yield cultivation technology system.The main results of this test are as follows:1.With the development process,the root length density,root volume,root surface area,average root diameter and root activity of the two varieties increased first and then decreased,and reached the maximum at heading stage.With the increase of transplanting density,ld18 root length density,root volume,root surface area and root average diameter reached the maximum under G3 treatment,SJ22 reached the maximum under G4 treatment,and the heading filling period was significantly higher than other treatments.The average root diameter and root activity decreased with the increase of transplanting density.The root activity of G1 and G2 treatments was significantly higher than that of other treatments.At heading stage,the average root diameter of LD18 G1 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments;Sj22 G1 and G2 treatments were significantly higher than other treatments,and there was no significant difference between G1 and G2 treatments.2.The activities of NR,GS,GOGAT,GPT,got and GDH in roots and leaves reached the maximum at heading stage.With the increase of transplanting density,the activities of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in roots and leaves(except GDH)of LD18 and SJ22 at jointing filling stage were the highest under G3 and G4 treatment,respectively.The activities of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism of the two varieties under G3 and G4 transplanting density were significantly higher than those of other treatments.The GDH activity in roots and leaves of the two varieties increased with the increase of transplanting density.The GDH activity in leaves of G5 treatment at heading stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments.There was no significant difference in root GDH activity between G4 and G5 treatment at heading stage,which was significantly higher than that of other treatments.GDH activity in roots and leaves of G5 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments at the filling stage of LD18.There was no significant difference in GDH activity between SJ22 G4 and G5 treatment,but it was significantly higher than that of other treatments.3.With the advancement of growth process,NR,GS,GOGAT,GPT,got and GDH in grains increased first and then decreased.The activity of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in strong grains reached the maximum on the 21 st day after anthesis and that in weak grains on the 28 th day.With the increase of transplanting density,the activity of NR,GS,GOGAT,GPT and got of strong and weak grains of ld18 in G3 treatment was the maximum at 14-28 days after anthesis,and the activity of SJ22 in G4 treatment was the maximum,which was significantly higher than that of other treatments.With the increase of transplanting density,the GDH activity of grains of the two varieties showed an upward trend.14-28 days after anthesis,the GDH activity of grains of the two varieties in G4 and G5 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments.4.With the increase of transplanting density,the protein content of strong and weak grains of rice decreased.7-14 days after anthesis,the grain protein content of G1 treatment was significantly higher than that of the other four treatments.5.With the advancement of growth process,the contents of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in roots,leaves,stems and sheaths of the two varieties first increased and then decreased,and reached the maximum at heading stage.With the increase of transplanting density,the contents of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in leaves,stems,sheaths and grains increased first and then decreased.The contents of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in LD18 G3 treatment were the highest,SJ22 G4 treatment was the highest,and the contents of G3 and G4 treatment of two varieties from jointing stage to filling stage were significantly higher than those of other treatments.The contents of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in roots of the two varieties decreased,and G1 and G3 treatments were significantly higher than other treatments from jointing stage to maturity.6.With the advancement of growth process,the nitrogen accumulation in rice roots,leaves,stems and sheaths increased first and then decreased,reaching the maximum at heading stage.With the increase of transplanting density,the nitrogen accumulation in roots,leaves and stems and sheaths of LD18 G3 treatment reached the maximum,and that of SJ22 G4 treatment reached the maximum.The nitrogen accumulation in roots,stems,sheaths and leaves of two varieties G3 and G4 at heading stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments.At maturity,the grain nitrogen accumulation of LD18 G3 treatment and SJ22 G4 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments.With the increase of transplanting density,the nitrogen output rate and nitrogen transport contribution rate of rice vegetative organs showed an upward trend.The two varieties G5 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments.7.The yield of LD18 was the highest in G3 treatment,and the optimum transplanting density was 30.00 cm × 13.33cm(25.06 million holes / HA);The yield of SJ22 was the highest in G4 treatment,and the optimum transplanting density was 30.00 cm × 10.00cm(33.33 million holes / HA).更多还原