【作者】 李杨；

【导师】 陈廷湘；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 中国史， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 自佛教传入中国以来,僧尼群体便一直受到佛教戒律与世俗法律的双重规束,其出世之人的身份使我们很容易想到其经常处在一种“且放红尘三界外”的状态之中,然而在古代中国的社会环境中,即便是出家人也无法逃脱与世俗社会的各种勾连,可以说佛教自进入中国开始便开启了其世俗化之路。不可否认的是,虽然佛教是外来的宗教,但不论是和本土的道教还是和其它传入的基督教、伊斯兰教等相比,佛教都是对民众和统治阶层影响最深的宗教。因为佛教与其它宗教相比具有与世俗社会最大的贴合度,所以作为对社会影响力颇大的佛教便不得不受到统治者的注意:一方面,众多僧众及佛教的影响力是统治阶层想要容纳进来作为统治工具的力量之一;另一方面,在佛教世俗化的过程之中,许多僧尼也确实因各种因素违反了清规戒律与当时的法律,成为需要管控的对象。本文首先概述僧众与俗世管理互动之沿革,在这部分内容中将会把自唐至清有关僧尼群体的政策与管理措施做一梳理。清代的诸多法律条例皆传承自明代,然而部分有关此方面的政策却是自唐开始便一脉相承的。本文除关注唐、宋、明三代关于僧尼的法律政策以及管理制度以外,还会梳理清代各帝对佛教教众的基本态度。第二部分为清代巴县僧尼涉讼的具体案例分析。在所收集到的巴县档案中,僧尼涉讼案件有五类,分别是情感纠纷、财产纠纷、地产纠纷、人身伤害、不守清规五大类,案例中所牵涉到的僧众大部分为“加害者”或“触犯戒律者”,但其中也有一些僧众、平民、乡绅借上述理由故意牵讼的情况。本部分内容也包括将具体的案例判决与清代司法规制与管理条例中的差异所进行对比,并试图探究实践与表达之间疏离的原因。第三部分为探讨清代巴县地区僧尼涉讼之原因。首先,巴县自身经济发达,且是一个移民社会,特定的地域情况所产生的一系列问题都较容易造成僧俗之间的纠纷。而在政府对巴县进行战后修缮的过程中,也或多或少地介入了寺庙的事务,加深了其世俗化的程度,从而间接增大了其涉讼概率。其次,由于僧众团体内部质量的下降以及外部环境纷杂对僧尼造成一定的影响与诱惑,使僧尼较为容易牵涉到诉讼中来。第三,由于乡间精英的调解力度有限,使得原被告双方只得通过诉讼的手段解决问题,所以增大了诉讼的可能性。第四,有些案件中僧尼尽管是作为被告,然而其却是因为诬告被牵扯进来,这也是一种僧尼涉讼的情况。最后,在僧尼群体世俗化的过程中,随着佛教法约束力的下降以及俗世法约束范围的上升,许多问题无法在僧众内部解决,只能通过县官审判进行处理,这就需要将案件放在公堂上进行审判,因此也会增加僧尼的涉讼案件。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since Buddhism was introduced into China,the monks and nuns have been subjected to the dual restrictions of Buddhist precepts and secular laws,and their images that hold themselves aloof from the world that prompt people to associate them with a condition which is getting away from earthly life.However,in the social environment of ancient China,even the monks and nuns could not escape from all kinds of connections with the secular society.It can be said that Buddhism started its secularization since it entered China.It is undeniable that although Buddhism is a foreign religion,it has the most profound influence on the people and the ruling class,whether compared with the local Taoism or Christianity and Islam.Compared with other religions,Buddhism has the greatest fit with the secular society,so Buddhism,which has a great influence on the society,has to be noticed by the rulers: on the one hand,the influence of many monks and Buddhists is one of the forces that the ruling class wants to accommodate as a ruling tool;on the other hand,in the process of Buddhism secularization,many monks and nuns have indeed violated the rules and regulations and the laws of the time due to various factors,and become the objects that need to be controlled.This paper first summarizes the evolution of the interaction between monks and secular management.In this part,we will sort out the policies and management measures of monks and nuns from Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty.Many laws and regulations of the Qing Dynasty are inherited from the Ming Dynasty,but some policies related to this aspect have come down in one continuous line since the Tang Dynasty.Besides paying attention to the similarities of the past dynasties,we will also make some comparisons among different dynasties and each emperors of Qing Dynasty.The second part is the specific case analysis of monks and nuns involved in lawsuits in the Qing Dynasty.In the collected archives of Baxian County,there are five types of cases involving monks and nuns,namely,emotional disputes,property disputes,real estate disputes,personal injury,and non-compliance with the rules.Most of the monks involved in the cases are the "perpetrators" or the subjects of non-compliance with the rules,but there are also some cases of civilians and squires deliberately taking the lead in the lawsuit for the above reasons.This part will also compare the differences between the specific case judgments and the judicial regulations and management regulations of the Qing Dynasty,and try to explore the reasons for the alienation between practice and expression.The third part is to discuss the reasons of the dispute.First,Ba County has developed its own economy and is an immigrant society.The emergence of Huishou and temple head is easy to cause disputes between monks and customs.In the process of the government’s post-war repair of Ba County,it also involved in the temple affairs more or less,deepening its secularization.Secondly,because of the decline of the internal quality of the monks’ groups and the complex external environment,the monks are more likely to be involved in the lawsuit.Third,because the mediation of the rural elite is limited,the original defendant has to solve the problem through litigation,so the probability of litigation is increased.Fourth,in some cases,monks and nuns,although they were defendants,were involved in the false accusations,which is also a case of litigation.Finally,in the process of secularization of the monks and nuns,with the decline of the binding force of Buddhism law and the rise of the restriction scope of the secular law,many problems cannot be solved within the monks,and can only be dealt with through the county magistrate trial.更多还原