【作者】 吴健；

【导师】 赵亚丽；

【作者基本信息】 河南农业大学 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 本试验以登海605为供试品种,于2017～2020年在河南省驻马店市西平县二郎乡张尧村和鹤壁市淇滨区钜桥镇进行,试验共设4种栽培水平:SH-超高产水平;HH-高产高效水平,FP-农户生产水平,FPN₀P₀K₀-基础产量水平。本研究为揭示黄淮海南部夏玉米区高产高效栽培水平提供理论基础,设置了农户生产调研和不同产量管理水平两个试验,首先评估了限制产量差的主控因子,针对这些限制因子设置了不同的栽培管理因素,研究了潜在产量、不同产量水平夏玉米产量差和资源利用效率差、光合特性、干物质积累与分配、养分利用效率的影响,得出以下几个方面的主要研究结果。限制黄淮海南部夏玉米产量的最主要因素为栽培技术因素,其次是非生物因素、生物因素和社会经济因素。生产上存在的问题主要是一多三少,自然灾害多、优良广适品种少、高效栽培技术少和高质量农田少。在相同的自然条件下,超高产水平和高产高效水平较农户水平能够分别提高实际产量2.29 t/hm²和1.49 t/hm²,提高了辐射和热量利用效率20.30%、20.22%和12.95%、12.86%。超高产水平和高产高效水平的潜在产量实现率显著提高,潜在产量和实测产量之间的产量差显著缩小,辐射和热量利用效率的规律与产量相符。表明超高产水平和高产高效水平对实现作物高产缩小产量差和效率差,实现高产高效有积极意义。在增加灌溉量的条件下,超高产水平和高产高效水平较农户水平的产量显著提高,但灌水利用效率反之降低。对夏玉米籽粒产量影响最大的是氮肥,磷、钾肥次之,超高产和高产高效水平可通过减小氮、磷、钾肥的施入量或优化施肥时期与比例以提高利用效率。超高产水平和高产高效水平较农户水平显著提高了各生育期的叶面积指数,减缓后期叶片衰老的速度、冠层光分布优化,光能截获率和光和能力提高。其次同化物合成能力增强,光合势增加,植株养分积累和利用提高。最终提高了收获指数,使产量和产量构成三因素全面增加,进而达到产量缩差效果。超高产水平和高产高效水平较农民水平显著提高了夏玉米群体生育期内对氮素、磷素、钾素的积累量,但氮素、磷素、钾素利用率较低。氮肥对夏玉米籽粒产量影响最大,可以在高产高效水平的基础上减小氮肥的施入量或优化施肥时期与比例以提高其利用率;磷、钾对夏玉米影响相对较小,且在本试验条件下,利用效率较低,因此可以通过适当减少磷、钾的施用量以提高其生产效率。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this experiment,DH605 was used as the test variety.It was tested in Zhangyao Village,Erlang Township,Xiping County,Zhumadian City,Henan Province and Juqiao Town,Qibin District,Hebi City,a total of four cultivation patterns :SH-super high yield level;HH-high yield high efficiency level,FP-farmer’s production level,N0P0K0-level of without fertilizer application.This study to reveal the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize in southern area provides the theoretical foundation,high-yield cultivation level,by investgation on farmers’ peoduction and different yield management level test,evaluation of main control factors of restricting yield gap,to study the potential yield,gap of yield and resource utilization efficiency of summer maize under different yield levels,photosynthetic characteristics,dry matter accumulation and distribution,nutrient use efficiency,the influence of the main research results of the following aspects.The main factors limiting the yield of summer maize in the southern part of Huang-Huai-Hai region were cultivation technology factors,followed by abiotic factors,biological factors and social and economic factors.The main problems are one more and three less in production,more natural disasters,less good and widely suitable varieties,less efficient cultivation techniques and less high-quality farmland.Under the same natural conditions,the super high yield level and high yield high efficiency level can increase the actual yield by 2.29 t/hm2 and 1.49 t/hm2,respectively,and improve the radiation and heat use efficiency by 20.30%,20.22%and 12.95%,12.86%,compared with the farmer level.The potential yield realization rate of super high yield level and high yield and high efficiency level was significantly increased,the yield difference between potential yield and measured yield was significantly reduced,and the rules of radiation and heat use efficiency were consistent with the yield.The results showed that the super high yield level and high yield and high efficiency level had positive significance for realizing crop high yield and reducing yield and efficiency.Under the condition of increasing the amount of irrigation,the super high yield level and high yield and high efficiency level were significantly higher than that of the farmer level,but the irrigation efficiency decreased on the contrary.Nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on the grain yield of summer maize,followed by phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.The utilization efficiency of super high yield and high yield could be improved by reducing the application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer or optimizing the fertilization period and proportion.Compared with the farmer level,the super high yield level and high yield and high efficiency level significantly increased the leaf area index of each growth period,slowed down the senescence rate of leaves in the later period,optimized the light distribution of canopy,and improved the light energy interception rate and light sum ability.Secondly,the assimilate synthesis ability was enhanced,the photosynthetic potential was increased,and the plant nutrient accumulation and utilization were improved.Finally,the harvest index is improved,so that the yield and the three factors of the yield constitute an overall increase,and then the yield shrinkage effect is achievedCompared with the farmer level,the super high yield level and high yield and high efficiency level significantly increased the accumulation amount of N,P and K in summer maize population growth period,but the utilization rate of N,P and K was low.Nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on the grain yield of summer maize,which could be improved by reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer or optimizing the fertilization period and proportion on the basis of high yield and high efficiency level.The effect of phosphorus and potassium on summer maize is relatively small,and the utilization efficiency is low under the condition of this experiment,so the production efficiency can be improved by appropriately reducing the application amount of phosphorus and potassium.更多还原