【作者】 刘雯；

【导师】 王为全；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 民主是近现代人类政治生活中的一项基本价值,民主在马克思理论中最初出场的现实语境是普鲁士封建专制批判和黑格尔法哲学批判。这些批判呈现了马克思早期革命的民主主义的政治立场,也为走出这一立场而转向共产主义提供了思想理论条件。本文聚焦马克思1843年的《黑格尔法哲学批判》,梳理马克思在批判黑格尔国家观时所阐明和呈现的民主思想,并确定这一时期马克思民主思想的特征与性质。本文主要内容包括四大部分,第一部分分析《黑格尔法哲学批判》中民主思想的形成背景。《黑格尔法哲学批判》中民主思想提出的时代背景离不开对封建普鲁士专制主义的批判,对政治革命所开创的现代世界中市民社会与政治国家分离的特有难题的回应,以及对黑格尔国家哲学推崇君主专制制度的不满。在理论背景方面,卢梭的人民主权思想、空想社会主义者的民主思想以及青年黑格尔派中费尔巴尔与赫斯的思想观点都构成了《黑格尔法哲学批判》中的民主思想的理论来源。第二部分说明《黑格尔法哲学批判》中民主思想的基本内容。马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中通过批判黑格尔国家内部制度的王权、行政权与立法权,如君主立宪制是政治异化的产物、官僚政治是国家的形式主义、等级代议制具有虚幻普遍性等,提出了民主制是国家制度的本质、人民自我管理、人民立法以及普选制等早期民主思想。第三部分阐释《黑格尔法哲学批判》中民主思想的理论结构与理论特征。马克思在此提出的民主思想的前提是市民社会决定政治国家,核心是人民主权,最终价值归宿是人的自由解放。同时这一民主思想具有批判性、人民性、实践性的理论特征。第四部分阐述《黑格尔法哲学批判》中民主思想的理论价值与实践价值。虽然马克思《黑格尔法哲学批判》中民主思想还不够成熟,但其已经实现了对古典自由主义民主的超越,为共产主义思想的发展奠定了理论基础,对今天中国民主政治建设也具有重要的理论指导意义。其次,有利于推动我国人民主权民主制度的完善,强化民主监督,推进公民有序参与政治,促进全过程人民民主的发展完善,实现理论与实践的真正统一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Democracy is a basic value in modern human political life.The realistic context in which democracy first appeared in Marx ’s theory is the criticism of Prussian feudal autocracy and Hegel ’s philosophy of law.These criticisms present the democratic political position of Marx ’s early revolution,and also provide ideological and theoretical conditions for turning to communism.This paper focuses on Marx ’s ’ Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right ’ in 1843,sorts out the democratic thoughts expounded and presented by Marx in criticizing Hegel ’s view of state,and determines the characteristics and nature of Marx ’s democratic thoughts in this period.The main content of this paper includes four parts.The first part analyzes the background of the formation of democratic thought in ’Critique of Hegel ’s Philosophy of Right ’.The realistic background of the democratic thought in " Critique of Hegel ’s Philosophy of Right " is inseparable from the criticism of feudal Prussian despotism,the response to the unique problem of the separation of civil society and political state in the modern world created by the political revolution,and the dissatisfaction with Hegel ’s national philosophy which advocates the monarchy.In terms of theoretical background,Rousseau ’s thought of people ’s sovereignty,the democratic thought of utopian socialists and the ideas of Feuerbach and Hess in the young Hegelians all constitute the theoretical source of the democratic thought in ’ Critique of Hegel ’s Philosophy of Right ’.The second part explains the basic content of democratic thought in Hegel ’s critique of legal philosophy.In Critique of Hegel ’s Philosophy of Right,Marx criticized the kingship,executive power and legislative power of the internal system of Hegel ’s state,such as the constitutional monarchy is the product of political alienation,bureaucracy is the formalism of the state,and the illusory universality of the hierarchical representative system.He put forward early democratic ideas such as democracy is the essence of the state system,people ’s self-management,people ’s legislation and universal suffrage.The third part explains the theoretical structure and theoretical characteristics of democratic thought in ’ Critique of Hegel ’s Philosophy of Right ’.The premise of Marx ’s democratic thought is that civil society determines the political state,the core is the people ’s sovereignty,and the ultimate value is the free liberation of human beings.At the same time,this democratic thought has the theoretical characteristics of critical,people-oriented and practical.The fourth part expounds the theoretical value and practical value of the democratic thought in the critique of Hegel ’s philosophy of right.Although the democratic thought in Marx ’s ’ Critique of Hegel ’s Philosophy of Right ’ is not mature enough,it has realized the transcendence of classical liberal democracy,laid a theoretical foundation for the development of communist thought,and has important theoretical guiding significance for the construction of democratic politics in China today.Secondly,it is conducive to promoting the improvement of China’s people ’s sovereign democratic system,strengthening democratic supervision,promoting citizens ’ orderly participation in politics,promoting the development and improvement of people ’s democracy in the whole process,and realizing the real unity of theory and practice.更多还原