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预防性侵权责任研究

Research on Preventive Tort Liability

【作者】 王丽

【导师】 杨连专;

【作者基本信息】 河南科技大学 , 民商法学, 2022, 硕士

【摘要】 现代社会是一个典型的风险社会,每个人都要面临风险社会带来的各种侵权风险的挑战。侵害一旦发生,受损的权益就难以恢复原状,特别是在面对诸如人格权侵权和环境侵权等特殊类型侵权的时候。传统侵权责任法只注重对受害人的事后补偿,对即将发生的或者正在进行尚未结束的侵权行为并不能够进行事先干预,因此以停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险作为主要责任承担形式的预防性侵权责任就应运而生。任何法律都有预防功能,但是预防性侵权责任的预防功能不同于法律普遍具有的抽象预防功能。预防性侵权责任所具有预防功能是具体层面的预防,目的在于预防损害的发生或者已经发生的损害继续扩大,具有预防性、及时性、有效性的特点。在性质上属于一种侵权责任承担方式,与补偿性侵权责任和惩罚型侵权责任共同构成了侵权责任制度。无论是从预防性侵权责任的归责依据还是其所具有的法律价值来说,其存在都具有正当的理论基础和依据。预防性侵权责任制度在我国司法实践中存在适用率不高、适用混乱的现状。实践中应用不畅是预防性侵权责任制度本身存在问题的外在表现,该制度本身存在着以下几个方面的问题:第一:归责原则不明确;第二:构成要件模糊;第三:与绝对权请求权关系不明;第四:保障制度实现的相关配套措施不完善。这些问题的存在严重影响了其预防作用的发挥。参考和借鉴是制度创新的基础,对国外相关制度的考察、评析有利于我国侵权责任制度的完善。近代以来,对损害的事前预防成为各国侵权法发展的趋势,在预防性侵权责任发展的路径上,我国和美国、法国相似,都是在侵权法内部发展出来的。不同于以德国为代表的部分国家以绝对权请求权为起点,从而延伸出预防性侵权责任的发展路径。美国法关于侵权一词的描述有Infringement和Tort两个单词,法院在判定Infringement成立过程中从不要求有“过错”和“实际损害”要件,对此我国预防性侵权责任可以参考借鉴。德国关于侵权预防责任的适用范围不断扩张的趋势和不以过错为要件的规定,有利于更好的保护当事人权益,特别是对于预防今后预料不到的侵害具有重大意义,这一理念值得我国侵权责任制度借鉴。以推动预防性侵权责任在实践中适用为目的,针对我国预防性侵权责任制度目前存在的困境,有以下四个方面的完善建议:第一:确定无过错的归责原则;第二:明确责任构成要件,包括行为、结果、因果关系三个要件;第三:厘清预防性侵权责任与绝对权请求权的关系,发挥二者对权益的双重保护作用。第四:建立“损害预防禁令”与“替代履行”制度,为预防性侵权责任的适用提供强有力的程序支持。

【Abstract】 Modern society is a typical risk society,everyone is facing the challenges of various infringement risks brought by risk society.Once the impairment of the damage is difficult to restore the principle,especially when facing special types of infringements such as human rights infringement and environmental infringement.Traditional infringement responsibility method only pays attention to post-abundance of the victim,and cannot perform prior interventions on the upcoming or not endless infringement,therefore stopping the infringement,excluding the hindrance,eliminating the risk as the main responsibility The responsibility of infringement should be born.Any law has prevention,but the preventive infringement responsibility is different from the abstract prevention function of the law.Preventive infringement responsibility has prevention and prevention of specific levels,the purpose of preventing damage or has the characteristics of preventive,timely,and effectiveness.In nature belonging to an infringement responsibility,the infringement responsibility system is jointly constituted with compensatory infringement responsibility and penalty infringement responsibility.Whether it is from preventive infringement responsibility or its legal value,its existence has a legitimate theoretical basis and basis.The preventive tort liability system in our judicial practice has the status of low application rate and confusion.The poor application in practice is the external manifestation of the problems of the preventive tort liability system itself.The system itself has the following problems: first,the imputation principle is not clear;Second,the constitutive requirements are vague;Third,the relationship with the absolute right of claim is unclear;Fourth: the relevant supporting measures for the realization of the security system are not perfect.The existence of these problems has seriously affected its preventive role.Reference and reference are the foundation of institutional innovation,in the investigation of foreign relevant systems,the analysis is conducive to the improvement of my country’s infringement responsibility system.In modern times,it has become the trend of harm to the development of national infringement law.On the path of preventive infringement responsibility,my country and the United Kingdom and the United States are similar,all developed within the infringement method.Unlike some countries represented by Germany,it will extend the development path of preventive infringement responsibility in the starting point of the countries represented by Germany.The Description of the United Kingdom and the United States has the words of infringement and Tort,and the court never requested "fault" and "actual damage" requirements during the establishment of Infringement.Germany’s applicable scope of infringement prevention responsibility and the trend of expanding the disguise,it is conducive to better protection of the rights and interests of the parties,especially for the prevention of incurred violations,this concept is worthy of my country’s infringement Liability system is drawn on.To promote the application of preventive infringement responsibility in practice,there is a prevention of the current prevention of the prevention of infringement responsibility system in my country.The following four aspects: First: Determine the principle of non-fault,second: clear responsibility Component,including behavior,result,causal relationship;third: clarifying the relationship between preventive infringement responsibility and absolute claim,and playing the two protected roles of equity.Fourth: Establish "Damage Prevention Board" and "Alternative Performance" system,providing strong program support for preventive infringement responsibility.

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