【作者】 黄涛；

【导师】 李春芳；

【作者基本信息】 华南理工大学 ， 知识产权， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 如何认定商品或服务构成类似是商标行政管理机关和司法机关经常面临的难题,故对这一问题进行研讨具有重要的意义。考虑商品或服务之间的关联性是类似商品或服务的认定方式之一。尽管“关联性”在类似商品或服务认定中的适用有据可依,但由于相关的规定较为模糊,其适用存在含义不明确、所发挥的作用小、未经过充分说理和适用规则模糊的问题。这些问题亟需解决,即要在明确“关联性”的含义及其法律定位的基础上,分析其适用的必要性,并对“关联性”的适用规则进行完善。关于“关联性”的含义,实务界以及学术界众说纷纭,未达成共识。从理论发展的角度来看,对“关联性”含义的分析可以着眼于美国商标法律实务及理论。美国法院通过由商品(服务)邻近度与自然扩张可能性组成的方法工具来评估商品或服务之间的关联性。据此,“关联性”的含义得以明确,其指的是商品或服务之间在一定程度上互相竞争,或者在相关公众的认知中,在先商品或服务的提供者可能会将生产经营范围扩张到在后商品或服务的领域。为了体现“关联性”含义的综合性,并实现相关规定之间的协调统一,应当将商品或服务之间具有关联性定位为商品或服务类似的实质。类似商品或服务认定中“关联性”适用的必要性在于其可以弥补《区分表》的不足,并克服因在类似商品或服务认定中考虑混淆可能性所引起的逻辑矛盾。完善类似商品或服务认定中“关联性”的适用规则,需要明确适用“关联性”时应当考量的因素以及“关联性”的程度要求。对“关联性”中竞争程度这一部分的判断,应当考虑商品或服务本身的属性、商品或服务的地域范围以及相关公众的习惯与认知;而对自然扩张可能性这一部分的判断,则应当考虑商品或服务之间的非竞争关系、商标的显著性与知名度以及行业整体的扩张趋势。“关联性”在宏观层面上的程度要求不宜过高,以协调商标侵权判定各个步骤之间的关系;在微观层面上,商品或服务之间互相竞争的程度要求不存在明显的偏向,而自然扩张可能性的程度要求则应当偏向于需要达到较高的水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 How to identify similar goods or services is a common problem for trademark administrative authorities and judicial authorities,so it’s of great significance to make a study about it.Considering the relatedness of the goods or services is one of the ways to identify whether they are similar or not.Although the application of "relatedness" in identification of similar goods or services has legal basis,there are some problems about it due to the vague relevant provisions.For example,the meaning of “relatedness” is unclear,the application of it just plays a little role and is not fully justified while the rules of the application of“relatedness” is not clear.To solve these problems,it’s necessary to analyze the necessity of the application of “relatedness” and improve the rules of the application of “relatedness” on the basis of clarifying the meaning of "relatedness" and its legal position.There are many viewpoints about the meaning of “relatedness” in practice and academia,which has not been reached a consensus.From the perspective of the development of theory,the analysis of the meaning of "relatedness" can focus on American trademark legal practice and theory.American courts assess the relatedness of goods or services through a tool consisting of proximity of the goods or services and likelihood of natural expansion.Accordingly,the meaning of “relatedness” refers to the relationship that goods or services compete with each other to a certain extent,or from the perspective of the relevant public,the senior user tends to expand the scope of production and business to that of the junior user.In order to reflect the comprehensiveness of the meaning of "relatedness" and make the relevant provisions coordinated and unified,the relatedness of the goods or services should be positioned as the essence of similar goods or services.The necessity of the application of "relatedness" in identification of similar goods or services lies in that it can cover the shortages of Table for Differentiating Similar Goods and Services and overcome the logical contradiction caused by considering likelihood of confusion in identification of similar goods or services.It is necessary to clarify the factors that should be considered in the application of“relatedness” and what degree the relatedness of the goods or services should be,so as to improve the rules of the application of “relatedness” in identification of similar goods or services.To determine what extent the goods or services compete with each other,the nature and the geographical zone of the goods or services and the habits and cognition of relevant public should be taken into account.And what should be considered to determine likelihood of natural expansion are the non-competitive relationship of the goods or services,the distinctiveness and reputation of the trademark and the overall expansion trend of the industry.The degree of “relatedness” should not be too high at the macro level for the purpose of coordinating the relationship between the steps of trademark infringement determination.At the micro level,there is no apparent requirement of the degree of competition between the goods or services,while the degree of likelihood of natural expansion needs to reach a high level.更多还原