【作者】 彭静；

【导师】 王立新；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 艺术学（专业学位）， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 观察式纪录片主张不干预、不控制,以观察为基本拍摄手法,纪录片创作者多采用长镜头和同期声,通过跟踪拍摄和等候拍摄等手段,在影片中客观、真实地重现社会现实。观察式纪录片创作手法在弗拉哈迪、伊文思、维尔托夫等早期纪录片大师的作品就有所体现,随着科学技术的发展,摄影设备轻小且便携,还实现摄录同步,作为20世纪最为重要的纪录片流派之一的“直接电影”充分应用观察式创作手法进行纪录片创作,将观察式纪录片发展为一种成熟且主流的拍摄模式。之后,观察式纪录片不仅沿袭了“直接电影”的电影理念和创作策略,也结合了“真实电影”的适当介入及小川绅介的长期跟拍,还吸收了非虚构制作的诸如互动、解说、扮演等参与手段。中国20世纪九十年代的“新纪录片运动”深受美国“直接电影”代表人物李考克、怀斯曼,伊文思、小川绅介等记录片大师及其优秀作品的影响,以吴文光、段锦川、康健宁等为代表的纪录片人结合中国社会语境以及传统美学思想创作出一批具有中国特色的观察式纪录片,如《广场》、《阴阳》、《老头》、《铁西区》等影片。观察式纪录片作为一种电影类型和创作手法,仍然对当下中国纪录片创作实践提供着一定的参照和借鉴,在纪录片创作理论中有着非常重要的作用。本文结合观察式纪录片中具有代表性的的中外优秀作品和国内外学者的理论资料,分析并梳理观察式纪录片的发展历程以及在中国的发展,并参考具体的观察式纪录片作品深入研究纪录片人在制作观察式纪录片作品时所秉承的观察理念、拍摄手法、后期剪辑等层面进行探讨,以期待对观察式纪录片有着多层次以及深入化的认识。本文分为五个部分。第一章绪论说明了研究背景及意义、国内外研究现状和研究方法及创新点。第二章对观察式纪录片的概念进行了界定,理清其与“直接电影”的联系与区别,梳理了观察式纪录片在纪录片历史长河中的发展历程以及在中国的发展。第三章讨论了观察式记录片基于纪实理念的“观察精神”和客观、真实的拍摄手法。第四章阐述了观察式纪录片在遵守客观、真实的原则下采取适当的介入手段,诸如采访、扮演、解说词等,后期剪辑中为保持客观、可信度所遵守的原则。第五章分析了观察式纪录片在当下社会高度商业化、数字影像技术成熟的语境下的发展趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Observational documentary advocates no intervention and no control,and takes observation as the basic shooting technique.Documentary creators mostly adopt long shots and simultaneous sound,and reproduce social reality objectively and truly in films by means of tracking shooting and waiting for shooting.The observational documentary creation technique is reflected in the works of Flaherty,Evans,Vertov and other early documentary masters.With the development of science and technology,photographic equipment is light and portable,and it can also record synchronously,As one of the most important documentary genres in the 20 th century,"direct cinema" makes full use of observational creation techniques to create documentaries,and develops observational documentary into a mature and mainstream shooting mode.Later,the observational documentary not only followed the film concept and creation strategy of "direct cinema",but also combined the appropriate intervention of "cinema verite" and the long-term follow-up of Ogawa Nosuke,and also absorbed non-fiction production methods such as interaction,interpretation,acting and other participatory means.China’s "new Documentary Movement" in the 1990 s was deeply influenced by American "direct cinema" representatives lee Cock,Wiseman,Evans,Ogawa Nosuke and other documentary masters and their excellent works.Documentary artists represented by Wu Wenguang,Duan Jinchuan and Kang Jianning combined Chinese social context and traditional aesthetic thought to create a number of observational documentaries with Chinese characteristics,such as Square,Yin and Yang,Old Man and Tiexi District.Observational documentary,as a kind of film type and creation technique,still provides reference for the current Chinese documentary creation practice,and plays a very important role in documentary creation theory.This paper analyzes and sorts out the origin,evolution and development of observational documentary in China based on the representative excellent works of observational documentary at home and abroad and the theoretical data of scholars at home and abroad.And with reference to specific observational documentary works,indepth research is carried out on the observation concept,shooting techniques,post-editing and other levels that documentary makers uphold when making observational documentary works,so as to expect a multi-level and in-depth understanding of observational documentary.This paper is divided into five parts.The first chapter introduces the research background and significance,research status and research methods and innovations at home and abroad.The second chapter defines the concept of observational documentary,clarifies its connection and difference with "direct film",combs the development course of observational documentary in the long history of documentary and its development in China.The third chapter discusses the "observation spirit" and objective and real shooting methods of observational documentary based on the concept of documentary.The fourth chapter describes the principles of observation documentary in order to maintain objectivity and credibility by adopting appropriate intervention means such as interview,acting and commentary under the principle of objectivity and truthfulness.Chapter five analyzes the development trend of observational documentary in the context of highly commercialized society and mature digital imaging technology.更多还原