我国船员遣返法律制度完善研究

【作者】 王楠；

【导师】 杨猛宗；

【作者基本信息】 天津师范大学 ， 法学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 我国于2016年批准《2006年海事劳工公约》,这是我国在促进船员基本权益保障方面的一大进步。船员遣返作为船员基本权益保障中的重要一环,如何使船员在规定的情形下顺利遣返,不仅关乎着对船员基本人权的保护,也是船员所应当享有的基本劳动权益。现阶段,我国保障船员遣返的法律制度主要是通过《中华人民共和国船员条例》和《中华人民共和国海员船上工作和生活条件管理办法》构建起来的,涵盖内容包括责任主体、情形事由和遣返费用、遣返方式、遣返地点等具体的实施机制。因此,完善我国船员遣返法律制度也需要从上述这几个方面进行。完善船员遣返责任主体制度,应当在履行《2006年海事劳工公约》的前提下统一国内立法,提高国内针对船员遣返立法的法律位阶,同时还要扩大责任主体的范围,将船员用人单位和包括船舶所有人、船舶管理单位等在内的船东一并纳入,增加在责任主体缺位情况下,政府对船员的遣返保障责任。完善船员遣返法律事由,一方面要基于船员的职业特点,有针对性的加强对普通船员的特别保护,另一方面还要注重对未成年船员和女性船员的特别保护,通过特殊的制度安排保障特殊船员的劳动权益。同时对情形事由的例外进行更加细化的规定,明确责任主体不必承担船员遣返费用的条件,以平衡船员与责任主体之间的经济利益关系。完善船员遣返的实施机制,首先可以在遣返费用的内容中增加遣返期间的工资、津贴,保证船员能够获得必要的劳动报酬;其次要对遣返方式中的交通工具作出限制性规定,规范责任主体为船员提供遣返的行为;最后应对船员遣返地点的类型作出调整,既要有利于船员遣返的便捷,又要考虑到责任主体的成本。本文将从船员遣返的责任主体、法律事由和包括遣返费用、遣返方式、遣返地点在内的实施机制这三个方面展开讨论,主要逻辑为根据我国加入的国际公约、国内立法和司法实践的现状总结归纳出我国船员遣返法律制度中存在的问题,并在借鉴国外立法对相关事项规定的先进经验基础上,对我国船员遣返法律制度的提出相应的完善建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 China ratified the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 in 2016,which is a major step forward in promoting the protection of the basic rights and interests of seafarers.The repatriation of seafarers is an important part of the protection of the basic rights and interests of seafarers.How to make the seafarers repatriate smoothly under specified circumstances is not only related to the protection of the basic human rights of seafarers,but also the basic labor rights and interests that seafarers should enjoy.At this stage,the legal system for safeguarding the repatriation of seafarers in China is mainly established through the “Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Seafarers” and the “Administrative Measures of the People’s Republic of China for Seafarers’ Working and Living Conditions on Board Ships”,covering the subject of responsibility,circumstances,and repatriation costs,Specific implementation mechanisms such as repatriation methods and repatriation locations.Therefore,the improvement of the legal system for the repatriation of seafarers in my country also needs to be carried out from the above aspects.To improve the system of responsible subjects for crew repatriation,domestic legislation should be unified under the premise of implementing the 2006 Maritime Labour Convention,and the legal status of domestic legislation for crew repatriation should be raised.Ship owners,including ship owners,ship management units,etc.,are included together,increasing the government’s responsibility for the repatriation of crew members in the absence of the responsible subject.To improve the legal reasons for the repatriation of seafarers,on the one hand,we should strengthen the special protection of ordinary seafarers based on the professional characteristics of seafarers,and on the other hand,we must pay attention to the special protection of minor seafarers and female seafarers,and ensure that through special institutional arrangements The labor rights and interests of special crew members,and at the same time,more detailed provisions are made on the exceptions of circumstances and reasons,and the conditions for the responsible subject not to bear the cost of the crew repatriation are clarified,so as to balance the economic interests between the crew and the responsible subject.To improve the implementation mechanism of crew repatriation,firstly,wages and allowances during the repatriation period can be added to the content of repatriation fees to ensure that crew members can obtain necessary labor remuneration;secondly,restrictive provisions should be made on the means of transportation in the repatriation method,and the responsible subjects should be The behavior of the crew to provide repatriation;finally,the type of repatriation location of the crew should be adjusted,which not only facilitates the repatriation of the crew,but also takes into account the cost of the responsible subject.This article will discuss the subject of responsibility for crew repatriation,legal reasons,and implementation mechanisms including repatriation costs,repatriation methods,and repatriation locations.The main logic is based on the international conventions which China has joined,domestic legislation and the current situation of judicial practice and summarizes the problems existing in seafarers’ repatriation legal system in China.Then basing on the advanced experience of foreign legislation on relevant matters,and putting forward corresponding improvement suggestions for seafarers’ repatriation legal system in China.更多还原