【作者】 潘悦；

【导师】 张之燕；

【作者基本信息】 华东理工大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 生态批评是生态学与文学领域的结合,旨在探索人类生态危机的根源与出路。当下的生态危机已经突破了自然的层面,逐渐蔓延到社会和个体精神领域。在具体的文学批评实践过程中,自然因素应该处于首要位置,但社会生态和精神生态也不容忽视。本文从生态批评的角度研究莎士比亚的著名悲剧《麦克白》,其目的不仅在于使读者注意到《麦克白》中的自然世界,还旨在阐述莎士比亚是如何在文本中用自然来折射社会以及个体精神危机,并深入挖掘了莎士比亚的生态思想。文章重点分析了女巫、天气、白昼、黑夜、荒原等自然意象,同时也对苏格兰的政治生态危机和麦克白夫妇的精神生态危机做出了解读。女巫是具有明显自然属性的非人类角色,其预言能力与麦克白的利益直接相关,因此受到了人类中心主义的压制。剧中反复出现的异常自然现象是自然界对于麦克白罪恶行径的指控。莎士比亚借用“白昼”与“黑夜”两组相对立的自然意象,表现了剧中苏格兰的政治生态由和谐向腐败的转变,说明了王权非法竞争下的社会生态问题。自然的荒原与人性的荒原之间形成了对应关系。女巫在荒野上发出的预言激发了麦克白的本我,导致了他的连环犯罪。长期的失眠、无休止的幻觉和一定程度的生态恐惧症是他精神崩溃的体现。麦克白夫人的荒芜则表现在生理上的不育以及精神上的失常。剧中出现的这一系列问题使得苏格兰处于黑暗生态的氛围之中,与人们所追求的绿色乌托邦相去甚远,这亦是该剧的悲剧性所在。《麦克白》不仅是一部描写生态失衡的戏剧,它同时体现出莎士比亚对于构建和谐生态的期待。森林意象是该剧一个重要的生态隐喻。马尔科姆以“移动的森林”为背景,在英国的帮助及苏格兰人民的支持中击溃了暴君,形成了人与自然以及人与社会的共生。人文主义影响下的两种截然不同的精神生态在剧中有所体现,侧面反映出莎士比亚对文艺复兴时期人文主义的局限性进行了一定的思考,传达出精神文明建设的重要意义。在生态危机日益严峻的当下,从生态批评的角度解读《麦克白》对于启迪人类重新思考人与自然、人与社会、人与自身的关系有着重要意义。自然、社会、精神三个维度的生态是息息相关的,人类需要努力维持人与自然、人与社会和谐的共生关系,同时注重精神家园建设,从而促进生态乌托邦的实现。更多还原

【Abstract】 The combination of ecology and literature gives birth to ecocriticism,which aims to explore the root of human ecological crisis and its solutions.The current ecological crisis has broken through the natural level and gradually spread to the social and spiritual fields.In the specific practice of literary criticism,natural factors should be placed in the paramount position,but social and spiritual ecology cannot be ignored.This thesis studies Shakespeare’s famous tragedy Macbeth from an ecocritical perspective.It aims at not only drawing readers’ attention to the natural world in Macbeth,but also explaining how Shakespeare uses nature to reflect the social and spiritual crisis in the text,and further exploring Shakespeare’s ecological thoughts.The thesis mainly interprets the natural images of the witches,weather,daylight,night and heath,as well as the political ecology of Scotland and the spiritual ecology of Macbeth and his wife.The witches are non-human characters with obvious natural attributes,and their prophetic capacity is directly related to the interests of Macbeth,so they are suppressed by anthropocentrism.The recurring abnormal natural phenomenon in the play is the accusation of nature against Macbeth’s evil deeds.Shakespeare uses two opposite natural images,"daylight" and"night",to show the transformation of Scottish political ecology from har-mony to corruption,and to illustrate the social ecological problems under the illegal competition of royal power.There is a correspondence between the natural heath and the humanity wasteland.The prophecies from the witches on the"heath" stimulate Macbeth’s id and lead to his serial crimes.Long-term insomnia,endless hallucinations and a certain degree of ecophobia are the embodiment of his mental breakdown.Lady Macbeth’s barrenness is manifested in her phy sical sterility and mental disorder.A series of problems presented in the play leave Scotland in a dark ecology,far from the green utopia people aspire to,which enhances the tragic atmosphere of the play.Macbeth is not only a play describing ecological imbalance,but also reflects Shakespeare’s expectations of ecological harmony.The forest image is an important ecological trope in the play.In the background of "moving grove",Malcolm defeats the tyrant with the help of England and the support of Scottish civilians,realizing the symbiosis between man and nature and between man and society.The two completely different spiritual ecologies under the influence of humanism are displayed in the play,which reflects Shakespeare’s thinking about the limitations of humanism in the Renaissance period and conveys the significance of constructing spiritual civilization.In the face of the increasingly severe ecological crisis,the interpretation of Macbeth from the perspective of ecocriticism is of great significance for human beings to rethink the relationship between man and nature,man and society,and man and self.The ecology of nature,society and spirit interact with each other.Human beings need to make efforts to maintain the harmonious symbiotic relationship between man and nature,man and society,and pay attention to the construction of spiritual home so as to promote the realization of eco-utopia.更多还原