【作者】 张鹏；

【导师】 李春景； 王镜植；

【作者基本信息】 延边大学 ， 地理学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 土地利用变化是影响生态系统功能和生态过程变化的主要驱动因子,其变化显著影响了区域水生态系统的供给和调节能力。然而,土地利用变化与多种水生态系统服务之间的关系及动态变化机制尚未被很好的揭示,这在一定程度上限制了区域水生态系统服务的协调和健康发展。乌苏里江流域地处中国和俄罗斯交界地区,是丹顶鹤等世界濒危迁徙鸟类的中间停歇地和东北虎、东北豹等世界濒危野生动物分布区,水生态系统功能的演变对东北亚地区的生态保护和可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。因此,本研究中选取乌苏里江流域为研究区,在固定气候参数的基础上,通过In VEST模型和社会经济数据,评估了土地利用变化驱动下的产水量、水质净化、土壤保持和粮食产量四种水生态系统服务,通过设计与未来发展相关的土地利用情景,在多时间尺度上评估乌苏里江流域水生态系统服务及相互关系的演变,并在此基础上探究流域未来可持续发展的最佳情景。本研究获得以下主要结论:(1)2000-2018年间乌苏里江流域经历了耕地显著扩张,林地、草地和未利用土地萎缩为特征的阶段。研究期间,耕地(+7.66%)和建设用地(+0.22%)面积持续增加,林地(-3.20%)和未利用土地(-3.00%)面积持续下降,草地和水域面积出现波动,二者呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,研究期间草地面积下降了1.58%,水域面积下降了0.11%。土地利用类型流转主要发生在林地和未利用土地向耕地和建设用地的转变。(2)2000-2018年间乌苏里江流域供给服务有所改善,而调节服务恶化。研究期间,粮食产量和产水量在单位面积上分别增加了127.27%和1.41%,而氮输出(+11.55%)和磷输出(+12.50%)在单位面积上持续增加,流域内水质净化服务持续恶化,土壤保持状况在单位面积上几乎没有变化。(3)相关性分析表明,乌苏里江流域生态系统服务的权衡关系发生在供给服务(产水量、粮食产量)与调节服务(水质净化、土壤保持)之间,而协同关系发生在供给服务和调节服务内部。(4)基于现有的生态问题,设计了农业发展、林地缓冲带、退耕还林和组合四种土地利用发展情景,其中林地缓冲带情景被选为最优情景。情景分析表明,林地缓冲带情景在改善乌苏里江流域调节服务的同时对供给服务负面影响最小,且生态系统服务之间的权衡强度减少最多,有利于流域水生态系统的可持续发展。因此,林地缓冲带情景被选为乌苏里江流域未来发展的最佳方案,在该情景下可以帮助决策者实现生态系统服务的相对平衡,实现经济发展与生态保护双赢的局面。本研究揭示了土地利用变化对水生态系统服务的驱动效应,将粮食安全与生态保护相结合,提供了一个相对完整的水生态系统服务权衡评估框架,研究结果可为乌苏里江流域的土地利用管理提供有价值的支持信息,以保证粮食供给与其他生态系统服务的可持续提供。更多还原

【Abstract】 Land use change is a major driving factor affecting changes in ecosystem functions and ecological processes,and its changes significantly affect the supply and service capacity of regional water ecosystems.However,the relationships and dynamic change mechanisms between land use change and multiple water ecosystem services have not been well revealed,which to a certain extent limits the coordinated and healthy development of regional water ecosystem services.The Ussuri River basin is located in the border area between China and Russia,and it is an intermediate resting place for world-endangered migratory birds such as the Grus japonensis and the distribution area of world-endangered wildlife such as the Pamhera igrisalaica 、 Pamthera pardus orientalis,and the evolution of water ecosystem functions is of strategic importance for ecological conservation and sustainable development in Northeast Asia.Therefore,in this study,the Ussuri River basin was selected as the study area,and four water-related ecosystem services driven by land use change,water yield,water purification,soil retention,and food production,were assessed by the In VEST model and socioeconomic data based on fixed climate parameters,and water ecosystem services in the Ussuri River basin were assessed at multiple time scales by designing land use scenarios related to future development By designing land use scenarios related to future development,the evolution of ecosystem services and interrelationships in the Ussuri River basin was assessed at multiple time scales,and based on this,the best scenario for future sustainable development of the basin was explored.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)From 2000 to 2018,the Ussuri River basin experienced a stage characterized by obvious indigenous expansion of farmland and shrinking of forestland,grassland and unused land.During the study period,the area of farmland(+7.66%)and Built-up land(+0.22%)continued to increase,the area of forestland(-3.20%)and unused land(-3.00%)continued to decrease,and the area of grassland and water area fluctuated.The area of grassland decreased by 1.58% and the area of water decreased by 0.11%.The transfer of land use types mainly occurred in the conversion of forest land and unused land to cultivated land and construction land.(2)Supply services improved in the Ussuri River basin during2000-2018,while regulating services deteriorated.During the study period,food production and water yield increased by 127.27% and 1.41% per unit area,respectively,while nitrogen export(+11.55%)and phosphorous export(+12.50%)continued to increase per unit area,water purification services continued to deteriorate in the basin,and soil retention status remained almost unchanged per unit area.(3)Correlation analysis shows that trade-offs between supply services(water yield,food production)and regulating services(water purification,soil retention)occur in the Ussuri River basin ecosystem services,while synergistic relationships occur within the supply and regulating services.(4)Based on the existing ecological problems,four land use development scenarios were designed,including agricultural development,forest buffer zone,returning farmland to forestland and integrated development.Among them,forest buffer zone was selected as the optimal scenario.Scenario analysis showed that the forest buffer zone scenario had the least negative impact on the supply of services while improving the regulation services in the Ussuri River basin,and the trade-off strength between ecosystem services decreased most,which was conducive to the sustainable development of watershed aquatic ecosystems.Therefore,the forest buffer zone scenario is selected as the best solution for the future development of the Ussuri River basin,which can help decision makers to achieve the relative balance of ecosystem services and achieve a win-win situation of economic development and ecological protection.This study reveals the driving effects of land use change on water ecosystem services,combines food security with ecological conservation,and provides a relatively complete framework for the assessment of water ecosystem service trade-offs,and the results can provide valuable supporting information for land use management in the Ussuri River basin to ensure the sustainable provision of food supply and other ecosystem services.更多还原