【作者】 张振；

【导师】 张式军；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律（非法学）（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 环境行政合同是行政主体为管理环境相关事务而与行政相对人签订的协议。其有效填补了法律规范规定不周或不及时的漏洞,并提升了行政相对人参与环境事务的积极性,在环境污染的预防与治理、自然资源的利用与保护等方面得到了越来越广泛的应用。而相较于实践中的普遍适用,其理论研究相对落后。目前对环境行政合同的研究集中在其性质、应用、制度的构建等方面,鲜少有结合实际案例对其具体适用中的规则问题的相关研究。效力问题是解决合同纠纷的先决问题,其重要性不言自明。而在实践中,依然存在着标准不清等情况。随着《最高人民法院关于审理行政协议案件若干问题的规定》和《中华人民共和国民法典》的颁布实施,行政协议和民事合同的效力规则都发生了一些变化。在此背景下,对集行政性、合同性、环境性于一体的环境行政合同的效力研究更显实际意义。本文着眼于环境行政合同的效力研究,结合实际案例及理论学说就合同的效力认定标准、认定规则等内容展开分析讨论,总结实践应用中的问题,提出效力认定的完善建议,以期为环境行政合同的司法裁决提供有益参考。本文主干分为三个部分。第一部分,环境行政合同及其效力概述。本部分先是对环境行政合同从主体和范畴方面做了分析界定,以明确研究对象;对环境行政合同的性质进行了探讨,认为其属于行政协议,确定了应当适用行政协议的效力认定规则。其次,根据司法解释规定对环境行政合同的四种效力类型做了简单介绍,以期对其有基本了解。最后,结合环境行政合同的特征分析了在其效力判断中应当遵循的价值取向。第二部分,环境行政合同效力认定的现状及问题。本部分结合现有法律规范及司法案例,分析总结了目前在认定环境行政合同效力时存在的问题。首先,法院在认定合同效力时适用法律规范混乱,表现在未给出明确法律依据、类案中适用规则不统一等方面,本文就其问题根源进行了分析,认为存在合同性质认定存争议、法律规范有重叠等问题;其次,现有法律规范给出的判断标准不清晰,特别是在环境行政合同的具体适用中,无效认定标准有漏洞,效力待定情况未明确规定,可撤销的举证责任有待探讨。第三部分,环境行政合同效力认定的完善建议。本部分在前两部分的基础上,针对实践中效力认定存在的问题,给出完善建议。首先,提出明确环境行政合同的识别标准;其次,就无效认定的标准、效力待定状态的明确以及可撤销情形的举证责任进行了讨论,提出填补建议;再次,总结了效力认定中的审查要件,不同类型的合同审查要件各有侧重;最后提出了效力认定过程中的利益衡量规则,环境行政合同的效力判断应当以法律规范为基准,嵌入利益衡量,以环境利益为本,注重保护行政相对人的信赖利益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Environmental Administrative Contract is an agreement signed by the administrative subject and the administrative counterpart to manage environmental affairs.It effectively fills the loopholes in the laws and regulations,and enhances the enthusiasm of the administrative counterpart to participate in environmental affairs,and has been more and more widely used in environmental pollution prevention and control,natural resource utilization and protection.Compared with the general application in practice,the theoretical research is relatively backward.At present,the research on environmental administrative contracts focuses on its nature,application,system construction and so on,and there are few studies on the rules in its specific application combined with actual cases.Effectiveness is a prerequisite for resolving contract disputes,and its importance is self-evident.In practice,there are still unclear standards.With the promulgation and implementation of"Provisions of the Supreme People ’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Administrative Agreement Cases"and " Civil Code of the People ’s Republic of China",the effectiveness rules of administrative agreements and civil contracts have undergone some changes.In this context,the study on the effectiveness of environmental administrative contract which integrates administrative,contractual and environmental is more practical.This paper focuses on the study of the effectiveness of environmental administrative contracts.Combined with practical cases and theoretical theories,it analyzes and discusses the standards and rules for determining the effectiveness of contracts,summarizes the problems in practical application,and puts forward suggestions for the determination of validity,so as to provide useful reference for the judicial decisions of environmental administrative contracts.This paper is divided into three parts.The first part firstly analyzes the concept of environmental administrative contract to clarify the research object;It discusses the nature of environmental administrative contract and thinks that it belongs to administrative agreement and should apply the rules of validity determination of administrative agreement.Secondly,it makes a brief introduction to the four types of validity of environmental administrative contract according to the provisions of judicial interpretation,in order to have a basic understanding.Finally,it combines the characteristics of environmental administrative contracts to analyze the value orientation that should be followed in the effectiveness judgment.The second part analyzes and summarizes the existing problems in determining the effectiveness of environmental administrative contracts.First of all,the court’s application of legal norms in determining the validity of the contract is chaotic,which is manifested in the lack of clear legal basis and the inconsistency of applicable rules in similar cases.This paper analyzes the root causes of the problems,and believes that there are problems such as disputes in determining the nature of the contract and overlapping legal norms.Secondly,the judgment standards given by the existing legal norms are not clear,especially in the specific application of environmental administrative contracts,there are loopholes in the identification standard of invalid contract,and the status of validity to be determined is not clearly stipulated.The burden of proof of revocable contract needs to be discussed.The third part on the basis of the first two parts,in view of the problems existing in the identification of effectiveness in practice,puts forward suggestions for improvement.First,it proposes a clear identification criteria of environmental administrative contract;Secondly,it discusses the standards of invalidity,the undetermined state of validity and the burden of proof in revocable cases,and puts forward suggestions for improvement.Again,it summarizes the review elements in the effectiveness identification.Different types of contract review elements have different emphases.Finally,it puts forward the interest balance rules in the effectiveness identification process.The effectiveness identification of environmental administrative contract should be based on the legal norms,embedded in the interest balance,based on the environmental interests,and pay attention to the protection of the law the trust interest of administrative counterpart.更多还原