【作者】 王清；

【导师】 徐伟敏；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律（非法学）（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 行政性垄断受益经营者指的是客观参与行政性垄断活动,与行政性垄断存在较直接关联从而获得垄断利润或竞争优势的经营者。受益经营者可能出现在各种类型的行政性垄断行为中,是行政主体滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争的市场中介。明确并完善行政性垄断受益经营者的法律责任,是打击行政性垄断的有效途径。现行立法中行政性垄断受益经营者法律责任规定存在不明确及不完善的问题,具体体现在以下三个方面:第一,现行立法中规定当受益经营者从事垄断行为时,按照经济性垄断中经营者责任的规定进行处罚,但是当受益经营者的行为不构成垄断行为时,是否以及如何处罚该类受益经营者的规定不明确;第二,现行立法中规定受益经营者若能证明其从事垄断行为是被动遵守行政命令所致,可以从轻或减轻处罚,但是“被动遵守行政命令”的认定标准不明确;第三,现行经营者法律责任制度存在威慑不足的不完善问题,从事垄断行为的受益经营者按照经济性垄断中经营者法律责任的相关规定进行处罚时仍然存在上述问题。本文旨在通过梳理受益经营者法律责任的立法现状,总结其中存在的问题,并在现有研究的基础上,进一步阐述受益经营者的概念与类型,分析受益经营者责任承担的正当性与合理性,提出对受益经营者责任的优化建议,以期从规制受益经营者的角度减少行政性垄断的发生,维护公平有序的市场竞争秩序,营造良好的营商环境。本文共包括四部分:第一部分,阐述行政性垄断受益经营者的概念及类型。本文认为行政性垄断受益经营者指的是客观参与行政性垄断活动,与行政性垄断存在较直接关联从而获得垄断利润或竞争优势的经营者。根据受益经营者实施的限制竞争行为是否构成《反垄断法》规制的垄断行为,将其分为行为构成垄断行为的受益经营者和行为不构成垄断行为的受益经营者两类,并将行为构成垄断行为的受益经营者细分为“滥用市场支配地位型”受益经营者、“达成、实施垄断协议型”受益经营者和“具有或者可能具有排除、限制竞争效果的经营者集中型”受益经营者。第二部分,论证受益经营者的应责性与可责性。从受益经营者责任承担正当性的角度分析,受益经营者是行政性垄断损害竞争的市场中介,其在滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争中具有不可或缺的作用,这是受益经营者需要承担法律责任的前提条件,构成其应责性的现实基础;受益经营者参与行政性垄断实施限制竞争的行为则是构成其应责性的必要条件。从受益经营者责任承担合理性的角度出发,梳理了现有的几种观点,评析优缺,并提出受益经营者可责的应然理据在于威慑和维护反垄断法所保护的法益。第三部分,研究受益经营者责任的现状与问题。通过梳理受益经营者责任的立法现状,发现立法中存在规定不明确及不完善的问题。具体包括:第一,受益经营者行为不构成垄断行为的法律责任不明确;第二,“被动遵守行政命令”的认定标准不明确;第三,受益经营者法律责任制度存在威慑不足的不完善问题。第四部分,提出受益经营者责任的优化建议。针对立法中规定不明确及不完善的问题,具体提出以下建议:第一,将受益经营者行为不构成垄断行为的情形宣示为违法行为,并分别设置相应的禁止性规范和制裁性规范,以明确该类受益经营者的法律责任。第二,明确“被动遵守行政命令”的认定标准,具体为从受益经营者与行政主体意愿相左和受益经营者的自主意志受限两个角度认定“被动遵守行政命令”,并从行政主体的强制行为和受益经营者的反抗行为两个层面厘清认定路径。第三,从建立双罚制度、完善行政责任、设置惩罚性赔偿责任、慎用刑事责任及协调适用各种责任形式五个方面提出受益经营者法律责任制度的完善建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 The beneficiary operator of an administrative monopoly refers to an operator who objectively participates in the decision-making or implementation of an administrative monopoly and is directly related to the administrative monopoly to obtain monopoly profits or competitive advantages.The beneficiary operators may appear in various types of administrative monopolies,and they are market intermediaries for the administrative subjects to abuse their administrative power to eliminate and restrict competition.Clarifying the legal responsibilities of the beneficiary operators of administrative monopoly is an effective way to crack down on administrative monopoly.The current legislation on the legal liability of the beneficiary operator of an administrative monopoly is not clear,which are embodied in three aspects:First,the legal responsibility of the beneficiary operator’s behavior not constituting a monopoly is not clear;Second,the standard for identification of "passive compliance with administrative orders" is not clear;Thirdly,the legal liability system of beneficiary operators has the problem of insufficient deterrence.This article initially sorts out the current legislative status of claims operator’s legal liability,summarizes the existing problems,and further improves the concept and type of beneficiary operators based on existing research,and analyzes the legitimacy and rationality of the liability of beneficiary operators,put forward suggestions for improving the responsibilities of beneficiary operators,with a view to reducing the occurrence of administrative monopoly from the perspective of regulating beneficiary operators,maintaining fair competition in the market order,and creating a good business environment.This article is divided into four parts:From the perspective of the basic principles of beneficiary operators,the concept and types of beneficiary operators of administrative monopoly are explained.This article believes that the beneficiary operator of administrative monopoly refers to the operator who objectively participates in the decision-making or implementation of administrative monopoly and is directly related to administrative monopoly to obtain monopoly profit or competitive advantage.According to whether the conduct of restrictive competition by beneficiary operators constitutes a monopolistic behavior regulated by the Anti-Monopoly Law,they are divided into two categories:beneficiary operators whose behavior constitutes monopolistic behavior and those whose behavior does not constitute monopolistic behavior.The beneficiary operators of monopolistic activities are subdivided into "abusing market dominance type"beneficiary operators,"contracting and implementing monopoly agreements"beneficiary operators,and "concentration of operators that have or may have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition" beneficiary operators.The second part is to demonstrate the accountability and accountability of the beneficiary operators.From the perspective of the legitimacy of the responsibility of the beneficiary operator,the beneficiary operator is the market intermediary that impairs competition due to administrative monopoly.It plays an indispensable role in the abuse of administrative power to eliminate and restrict competition.This is because the beneficiary operator needs to bear the law.The preconditions of liability constitute the realistic basis of accountability;the participation of beneficiary operators in the conduct of administrative monopoly to restrict competition is a necessary condition for accountability.From the point of view of the reasonableness of the responsibility of the beneficial operation,it sorts out several existing viewpoints,analyzes the advantages and disadvantages,and proposes that the rationale for the beneficiary operator’s responsibility lies in deterring and maintaining the legal interests protected by the anti-monopoly law.The third part is to study the current situation and problems of the responsibility of the beneficiary operator.By combing the status quo of the legislation on the responsibility of the beneficiary operator,it is found that there are problems with unclear regulations in the legislation.Specifically,it includes:First,the legal responsibility of the beneficiary operator’s behavior that does not constitute a monopoly is unclear;second,the determination standard of "passive compliance with administrative orders" is not clear;third,the beneficiary operator’s legal liability system has the problem of insufficient deterrence.The fourth part puts forward suggestions for perfecting the responsibility of beneficiary operators.In response to the unclear provisions in the legislation,the following suggestions are specifically made:First,declare the circumstances where the beneficiary operator’s behavior does not constitute a monopoly behavior as an illegal act,and set corresponding prohibitive and punitive provisions respectively.Second,clarify the criteria for determining "passively complying with administrative orders",specifically from the perspectives of the beneficiary operator’s disagreement with the administrative subject’s will and the limitation of the beneficiary’s voluntary will,and from the perspective of the administrative subject’s Coercive behavior and the beneficiary operator’s resistance behavior clarify the identification path at two levels.Thirdly,it puts forward suggestions for improving the legal liability system of beneficiary operators from five aspects:establishing a double penalty system,improving administrative responsibility,setting punitive compensation liability,using criminal liability with caution,and coordinating and applying various forms of liability.更多还原