《霜叶红似二月花》的文化分析

【作者】 张旭；

【导师】 李继凯；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 在近现代转型过程中,中国遭遇了时空层面上的全方位的民族身份认同危机,出现了“跨世纪焦虑”。从时间上来说,中国被迫加速进入现代性的历史进程中,从空间概念上来说,西方的启蒙文化成为中国思想文化领域的宰制性力量而具有绝对的话语权。这种中与西,传统与现代之间的冲突与认同形成了紧张关系,遭遇时间与空间双重维度的合法性危机。使得本土民族文化身份认同的焦虑辐射到了个体、阶级、性别、知识分子等多维度范畴当中。在时空断裂中,形成了一道文化和心理的沟壑,并以二元对立的方式对文化身份进行解构,同时又呈现出非此即彼的新的建构倾向。而茅盾的《霜叶红似二月花》(以下简称《霜》)呈现的五四转型时期的“多余人”叙事、阶级叙事、情爱叙事、知识分子叙事、具有多元文化的特质,在众多文化话语奔腾激越,此消彼长,暖昧不清的特殊历史时期,文本呈现了五四转型时期人物的文化身份的迷失与危机。鲜明的时代现实性与文本现实性是文化研究得以出场的历史逻辑,这部小说的时代背景处于五四转型时期,其内在的多元又驳杂的文化就具有极强的可阐释性。此外,文学文本的文化研究多离不开性别、阶级、知识分子等,所以本文以文化身份为视点,借助“文化磨合”理论,以个体、阶级、性别、知识分子角度,分析转型时期人物身份背后的多重文化之间的深层关系。贯穿自我/他者、妇女解放、阶级分析、社会流动等理论资源,对文本进行具体化的解读。本文包括引言、正文、结论三大部分。引言部分分为两部分:第一,对《霜》自1942年发表后至现在的研究历程作综述分析。第二,对“文化磨合”论进行内涵以及外延的辨析。第一章个体文化身份的“磨合”。恂如自我身份呈现出了一个拉康的镜像解构,这种镜像给予了照镜者最精确的自我空间认知,从家庭空间中出现空间异位,分化出个人空间,家宅作为与自我空间对立的“他者”存在。同时,现代时间对传统时间的压缩,主体身份出现了封建伦理主体与启蒙主体的多重混合。在时空交织下其身份的认同基点逐渐复杂化,呈现出身份定位的失衡与认同的失序。恂如与整个家庭结构的家长权威、伦理规范、利益分配、血缘关系呈现了一种具有张力的制衡关系。在经过时间维度上的传统与现代,空间上的西方个人与本土家庭的文化磨合后,恂如最后搬到卧室中,并非是回到了“原始的起点”,而是打破了个人空间与家宅空间的二元对立等级秩序,同时,一定程度上是对现代时间观的一丝抵触,对线性的、进步的、不可逆转的现代时间观的抗拒,也是对母体文化的一种新形式的超越和回归。第二章等级/阶级文化身份“磨合”。钱良材作为历史遗存的“士绅”,其等级文化身份开始受到现代资产阶级的拆解,以身份为核心标识的等级体系,已经不再具有话语威力。文本中王伯申和赵守义的钱良材的三条斗争线更是集中的代表了转型时期的社会政治的文化大动荡。首先就是阶级立场的不同,作为新兴资产阶级的王伯申和封建地主赵守义,士绅等级与资产阶级改良派的合于一身的钱良材。其次三者的冲突交织不单是阶级冲突,其斗争的范围已经涉及到了政治和经济方面以及作为隐性存在的文化观念的对立上,钱良材作为近现代的士绅阶级,其身上结构了当时所有社会核心问题的矛盾与混杂,其与王伯申、赵守义之间的复杂关系代表了封建“等级”观念和近现代“阶级”观念的磨合关系,具体表现在绅士阶层的没落,“士首”和“商末”社会结构对流,以及近现代文化价值观念等的深刻变化。第三章性别文化身份的“磨合”。中国传统以夫权制度形成了男尊女卑的二元对立的性别等级秩序,在婉卿与和光的爱情婚姻当中,丈夫的生理缺陷构成了对其男性制度的一种反讽和解构,从反向促进了婉卿作为女性的权力“僭越”,包括对经济及社交权利的掌控,带来了其解放的虚假表象。但从根本上来说,男性身体缺陷带来性权力的消失并未根本导致夫权制的颤动,伴随婉卿权力的“僭越”而产生的雄性气质成为更深层意义上父权制在女性意识中的的内化,这些都呈现了男/女性别身份秩序的不断解构与重构的纠葛与磨合。第四章知识分子文化身份的“磨合”。一定意义上来看,无论在传统还是现代,西方还是中国本土,知识分子的文化身份想象定位就是对文化价值的选择和体认识。现代中国知识分子的诞生,从一开始就被迫卷入抗击西方并接受西方思想的紧迫过程中。随着科举制的废除,“士”作为一种历史遗存消失于中国舞台,随之而起的士西方异域知识分子的移植。君主官僚政体的被颠覆,转向现代民主政体,知识结构由四书五经转向西方科学知识,士人社会地位的动摇,以及以儒学为核心的文化观念的解构。这些体系大厦的动摇都带来士人身份的深深的自我怀疑乃至否定自我,其对自身的身份合理性依据开始被解构,逐渐呈现出从古代传统的“士”转向现代“知识分子”的一种磨合和游牧状态。结语部分。文本最终呈现出来个体文化身份的混合、封建等级身份与现代阶级身份、男女性别身份等多种文化身份的深层变动,这些都展现了《霜》这部小说的内在多样特质,同时也展现了转型时期,民族文化身份冲突与认同下多种文化的磨合与变动。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the process of modern transformation,China suffered a level of time and space of a full range of ethnic identity crisis,a cross-century anxiety In terms of time,China was forced to accelerate into the historical process of modernity,from the concept of space,western enlightenment culture become possible strength in the field of Chinese ideology and culture and have absolute power And in the west,the conflict between traditional and modern tensions with identity National cultural identity anxiety radiation to the individual class intellectuals of multidimensional categories such as gender In time and space in fracture,form a cultural and psychological gap,and has carried on the cultural identity in the form of binary opposition of deconstruction,and presents an either/or tendency of new construction.The frost leaves of Mao Dun are as red as February flowers(hereinafter referred to as frost),presenting the redundant narrative of love narrative and intellectual narrative in the May 4th transition period Class narrative has the characteristics of multiculturalism.It is in the special historical period when all kinds of cultural forces are passionate and entangled with each other,and the ideology is ambiguous.It narrates the loss and crisis of the cultural identity of the characters in the transition period of May 4th Movement The distinct reality of The Times and the reality of the text are the historical logic for the appearance of cultural studies.The historical background of this novel is in the transition period of May 4th Movement,and its internal diversified and complex culture is highly explicable.In addition,the cultural research of literary texts cannot be separated from gender,class and intellectuals,so this paper takes the cultural identity as the viewpoint,with the help of the "cultural run-in" theory,and analyzes the deep relationship behind the character identity from the perspective of individual,class and gender.Through the self/others,women’s liberation,class analysis,social mobility.This article includes three quotations,text and conclusions.Among them:The introduction part is divided into two parts:First,to review the research process of Frost since its publication in 1942.Second,the analysis of the "culture running-in"theory of the connotation and extension.Chapter Ⅰ:Individual cultural identity.Xun self-identity presents a mirror deconstruction of Lacan.This mirror image gives the mirror viewer the most accurate self-spatial cognition,emerges from the spatial ectopic of the family space,divides the personal space,and the home house exists as the"other" opposed to the self-space.At the same time,the compression of modern time on the traditional time,the main identity appeared the multiple mixture of feudal ethics subjects and the enlightenment subject.The identity basis of its identity is gradually complicated,showing the imbalance of identity positioning and the disorder of identity.Xun Ru presents a tension check and balance relationship with the whole family structure.Its constant space transformation makes the construction of his identity in a kind of continuous generating and unstable dynamic structure.After the traditional and modern,the western personal and local family culture,such as finally moved to the bedroom,not is to return to the"original starting point",but to break the personal space and home space binary grade order,at the same time,to some extent is a conflict of modern time,linear,progressive,irreversible modern time resistance,is also a new form of transcendence and return to maternal culture.Chapter Ⅱ:Class Cultural Identity.As the "gentry" of historical relics,Qian Liangcai’s hierarchical cultural identity began to be dismantled by the modern bourgeoisie.The hierarchical system with identity as the core has no longer has discourse power.In the text,the three struggle lines of Qian Liangcai of Wang Boshen and Zhao Shouyi centrally represent the great social and political turmoil in the transformation period.The first is the different class positions.As Wang Boshen,the emerging bourgeoisie,and the feudal landlord Zhao Shouyi,Qian Liangcai combines the gentry rank and the bourgeois reformalists.Second three conflict is not only class conflict,the scope of its struggle has involved political and economic aspects and as a hidden cultural ideas,Qian Liancai as a modern gentry class,its structure of all the social core problems,the complex relationship between it and Wang Boshen,Zhao Shouyi represents the feudal "grade" and modern"class" relationship,specifically in the decline of the gentleman class,"scholar" and"business" social structure convection,and the profound changes of modern cultural values.Chapter Ⅲ:Gender and cultural identity.Chinese traditional husband power system formed the binary opposition of gender hierarchy order,in Wanqing love marriage and light,the husband’s physiological defect constitutes a kind of irony and deconstruction of the male system,from the reverse promoted Wanqing as women’ s power”arrogation",including the control of economic and social rights,brought the false appearance of its liberation.But fundamentally,the disappearance of male body defects does not fundamentally lead to the tremor of power system,accompanied by wanqing power"rogation" and the male temperament become a deeper sense of patriarchal internalization in the female consciousness,these present the male/female identity order of continuous deconstruction and reconstruction of entanglement and run-in.Chapter Ⅳ:The"Running-in" of the intellectual cultural identity.In a certain sense,whether in the traditional or modern,western or Chinese countries,the cultural identity imagination and positioning of intellectuals is a choice and recognition of cultural value.The birth of modern Chinese intellectuals was forced from the beginning into the urgent process of fighting against the West and accepting Western ideas.When the abolition of the imperial examination,the intellectual cultural value choice and political system,all the above monarchy bureaucracy to modern democracy,the knowledge structure from the four classics to western scientific knowledge,social status of scholars,and Confucianism as the core cultural concept,after modern violent and continuous transformation,the shaking of these system buildings bring deep self-doubt and deny self,its identity rationality basis began to deconstruction,gradually presents a run-in and nomadic state from ancient traditional "scholars" to modern "intellectuals".Text eventually presents the mixture of individual cultural identity,feudal grade identity and modern class identity,gender identity and other deep changes of cultural identity,these show the inner characteristics of the novel,but also shows the transformation period,national cultural identity conflict and identity under a variety of cultural run-in and change.更多还原