时间显示格式对集成气象雷达信息的认知影响

【作者】 胡博；

【导师】 常明；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 航空航天心理学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 安全始终是航空领域最为关注的话题,在“人—机—环”系统中,环境作为至关重要的外部因素,具有不可控性。虽然环境不可控,但是仍然可以通过各种手段对环境进行监测。气象雷达是监测外部气象环境的工具,借助气象雷达飞行员能够了解外部气象信息,对飞机状况进行判断,提前规划飞行路线。集成气象雷达作为一种特殊的雷达,具有延迟特性,这就导致飞行员在飞行过程中接收到的气象信息并非实时气象信息,飞行员需要对此进行转换,才能够更加准确地判断飞机的真实位置和所处的情境。因此,雷达信息上的时间显示就显得尤为重要。以往关于时间显示格式的研究支持了数字格式的优势,本研究中的雷达信息显示也沿用了这一格式。但是,以往研究主要是围绕“时刻”展开的,而“延迟时间”则是一段时间。那么,在这种情况下,数字格式能否继续保持优势?此外,有研究发现模拟表盘格式优于数字格式的特性,那么模拟表盘格式在表示时间差值上能否反转数字格式的优势,而优势性背后的原因又是什么?针对这些问题,本论文设计了三个研究,旨在通过实验探究在变化时间的辨认中,数字显示格式和模拟表盘显示格式相比较,哪一种更具有优势,并且探究优势背后的原因,以期为集成气象雷达信息的时间显示设计提供一定参考。研究一以前人在时间心理表征空间结构研究中提出的直线型结构、圆形循环型结构和螺旋型结构为主要依据,旨在探究对于变化的时间,个体会采用哪种心理表征空间结构。实验1将时间方向启动与R心理旋转相结合,通过2×3×2的实验设计,以R旋转的反应时和正确率为判断标准,验证实验过程中时间方向启动的有效性。结果发现,时间变化方向与R旋转一致时的反应时更快,也就说明时间方向启动有效,个体对变化时间的心理表征为圆形循环型空间结构。研究二从认知层面对时间显示格式的优劣性进行了比较。实验2采用2×3×2的实验设计,对个体辨认变化时间的认知进行研究,对比了数字显示格式和模拟表盘显示格式下个体辨认变化时间的正确率和反应时。结果发现时间显示格式的主效应显著,在模拟表盘显示格式下,个体辨认变化时间的正确率更高,反应时更短,说明模拟表盘显示格式优于数字显示格式。结果还发现,个体对变化时间的辨认在变化时间长短上具有显著的差异性,变化时间越长,辨认时间正确率越低,反应时也越长。考虑到真实情境下可能具有时间压力以及延迟时间长短并不确定这两个因素,研究三在模拟情境下进行,设置了无时间压力和有时间压力两种情况,探讨时间显示格式和延迟时间长短对集成气象雷达信息理解的影响。实验3a和实验3b均以距离偏差值(个体判断距离与正确距离的差值)和反应时作为指标,反映个体对雷达信息的理解。结果发现,在无时间下压力下,距离偏差值在时间显示格式不存在显著差异,但是反应时在时间显示格式上差异显著,模拟表盘显示格式下的反应时要显著短于数字显示格式;而在有时间压力下,模拟表盘显示格式在距离偏差值和反应时上均有显著优势,说明在模拟情境中,模拟表盘显示格式仍具有显著的优越性。无论是无时间压力还是有时间压力,变化时间长短的主效应均显著,变化时间越长,距离偏差值越大,反应时越长。综合以上研究,主要得出以下结论:(1)变化时间的心理表征空间结构为圆形循环型结构。(2)在变化时间的认知辨认上,模拟表盘显示格式相比数字显示格式具有明显优势。(3)无论有、无时间压力,相比数字时间显示格式,采用模拟表盘时间显示格式能够更有助于对集成气象雷达信息的理解。(4)变化时间的长短是影响个体时间认知的重要因素,也会影响到对雷达信息理解,变化时间越长,时间辨认越难,信息理解也越难。更多还原

【Abstract】 Aviation safety is always the most concerned topic in the aviation field.In order to ensure the safety of the aircraft in flight,not only the pilots should be strictly trained,but also the overall structure of the aircraft should be designed.However,in addition to the two factors of human and machine,environment,as a crucial external factor in the system,has uncontrollable characteristics.Although the environment is uncontrollable,it can still be monitored by various observation machines,so that pilots can perceive the surrounding environment and analyze the situation of their own aircraft.Weather radar is a tool to monitor the external weather environment.Through weather radar,pilots can clearly understand the external weather information and plan the aircraft route in advance.As a special kind of radar information,integrated weather radar information has the characteristics of delay,which leads to the fact that the weather information received by the pilot in the process of flight is not real-time weather information.The pilot needs to convert this information in order to more accurately judge the situation of the aircraft at this time.So the time display of radar information is particularly important at this time.Pilots need to accurately recognize the delayed time value in order to judge the real location and situation of the aircraft.Therefore,the problem to be solved in this study is what format of time display is used for integrated weather radar information.Previous studies on time display format support the advantages of digital format,so digital is also used as time display in radar information display.However,previous studies focus on time,but the delay time is a period of time difference.Can digital format continue to maintain its advantages?At the same time,some studies have found that the analog dial format is superior to the digital format,so whether the analog dial format can reverse the advantages of the digital format in the expression of time difference,and the reasons behind the advantages are also the problems that this study focuses on.The purpose of this study is to explore which time display format has more advantages in the changing time through experiments,and explore the reasons behind the advantages.At the same time,the two time display formats are applied to the simulation situation,in order to explore which time display format is better in the integrated weather radar information,and provide some reference for the time display design of integrated weather radar information.In Study 1,based on the results of previous studies on the spatial structure of psychological representation of time,the three theories of linear structure,circular structure and spiral structure were further explored to verify which spatial structure of psychological representation would be adopted for the changing time.In Experiment 1,the time direction start and R mental rotation were combined to reflect whether the time directional priming effect was successful or not in the process of experiment through the reaction time and accuracy of R rotation.The results showed that the reaction time was faster when the time change direction was consistent with R rotation than when it was inconsistent with R rotation,which indicated that the time directional priming effect was successful.Individuals used a circular mental representation space structure for the changing time.In Study 2,the time display formats were compared from the cognitive level.In Experiment 2,the recognition of changing time was studied,and the accuracy and reaction time of individual identification of changing time in digital display format and analog dial display format were compared.The results showed that the accuracy of identification of changing time in analog dial display format was higher,and the reaction time was shorter,that is to say the analog dial display format is better than the digital display format in recognizing the changing time.At the same time,it is found that the changing time has significant difference in the experiment.The longer the changing time is,the lower the accuracy of recognition changing time is,and the longer the reaction time is.In Study 3,considering the two factors of time pressure and length of delay in the real situation,the cognitive understanding of integrated weather radar information was studied in the simulated situation,including time display format and length of delay in the two situations of no time pressure and with time pressure.In experiment 3a and 3b,the difference between individual judgment distance and correct distance and reaction time were used as dependent variables to reflect individual cognitive understanding of radar information.The results show that under no time pressure,although there is no significant difference in the difference between judgment distance and correct distance,the response time of analog dial display format is significantly shorter than that of digital display format;while under time pressure,analog dial display format has significant advantages in the difference between judgment distance and correct distance and response time.In other words,in the simulation situation,the analog dial display format still has significant advantages.At the same time,the effect of changing time,whether there is time pressure or no time pressure,still exists.The longer the changing time is,the larger the difference between the judgment distance and the correct distance is,and the longer the reaction time is.The conclusion is as follows(1)The spatial structure of psychological representation of changing time adopts circular circulation structure.(2)Compared with digital display format,analog dial display format has obvious advantages in the cognition of changing time.(3)Whether there is no time pressure or there is time pressure,compared with digital time display,integrated weather radar information using analog dial time display can be more helpful to the cognitive understanding of radar information.(4)The longer the changing time is,the more difficult it is to identify the time and the more difficult it is to recognize the radar information.更多还原