【作者】 刘欢；

【导师】 刘锐；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 新闻与传播， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 本文在行动者网络理论视野下,采用案例研究的方法对以抖音为代表的短视频平台治理进行了研究。互联网治理的研究范式在媒介的物质性理论和科学技术研究(STS)视野下产生了重大转移,从多利益相关方治理转向行动者网络治理。本研究的特色是在在治理主体中引入非人类行动者,以探究政府、市场、用户之外的,尤其是以算法为代表的非人类行动者在整个平台治理过程中应承担的责任和角色。并在此基础上,对人类行动者与非人类行动者在短视频治理中的角色与功能提出针对性的可行建议。研究发现,短视频行动者网络治理的人类行动者主体为政府、市场和用户。(一)政府出台相关法律法规以约束短视频平台,利用法律强制性特点督促平台营造更好的短视频平台环境,从而更好为用户服务并保障用户的合法权益。但由于政府毕竟没有平台的内部数据,因此对平台内部问题的熟悉度有所限制,故而其治理上有一定的局限性。(二)短视频行业的协会组织会根据政府相关规定制定行业规则,并通过该行业组织发布的一系列规定来规范平台的义务与责任,同时利用市场“隐形的手”来调节平台间的关系,并利用市场的能动性去监督平台的治理,但毕竟属于外部监督,因此在治理上同样存在一定的局限性。(三)用户作为众包行动者被平台动员参与到互联网治理过程中,为平台治理提供了举报、标记等免费的用户劳动。用户根据政府规定及短视频平台规则给予的相应权利成为短视频平台治理的协作者,主要采取举报、投诉等方式维护自身合法权益并参与到治理当中,但用户所具备的权利基本上是由平台给予的有限权利,故而在短视频平台治理过程中的作用几乎可以忽略不计。平台是行动者治理网络中的非人类行动者。短视频行业根据政府相关规定制定平台规则,通过平台协议及隐私政策的制定来明确自身和用户的责任,同时利用平台协议的免责声明同用户达成一定程度上的合意,但实际上用户在使用平台时很少会仔细阅读大篇幅平台协议和隐私政策,因而在协议的双方共识上具有一定程度上的局限性,除此之外,短视频平台利用算法,对社交视频内容的审核、过滤、推送、提升、下沉、限流、封号等治理行动设置规则。但算法也带来了黑箱、过滤气泡和歧视等一系列问题,对用户的隐私权、知情权、表达自由造成了损害。算法代理了短视频平台商业模式和竞争模式,是平台的核心竞争力。短视频平台在设计算法时不能仅仅着重于平台利益最大化,而应该提高算法生产和运行的透明度。让算法在治理过程中真正意义上地实现算法中立,让作为非人类行动者的算法在短视频平台治理过程中发挥出最大的价值。本文从人类行动者和非人类行动者两个方面研究了短视频平台治理问题,以期对短视频平台治理研究提供一定意义上的理论补充和可行性建议。本文认为算法治理应该公开、透明、可问责。对于算法产生的负面影响,要对平台和用户的责任进行分割,此时平台不仅是规制的提供者,也是责任的承担者,而不仅仅是一个中介性的传输管道。短视频平台治理的权力不能私有化,而是要在国家相关法律的框架下展开。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper,the governance of short video platform represented by Tik Tok is studied by case study from the perspective of actor network theory.The research paradigm of Internet governance has undergone a major shift from multi-stakeholder governance to actor network governance from the perspective of media materiality theory and scientific and technological research(STS).The feature of this study is to introduce non-human actors into the governance body to explore the responsibilities and roles that non-human actors,especially those represented by algorithms,should assume in the whole process of platform governance in addition to the government,market and users.On this basis,some feasible Suggestions are put forward on the roles and functions of human actors and non-human actors in short video governance.It is found that the main human actors of short video actor network governance are government,market and users.(1)The government issues relevant laws and regulations to restrain the short video platform,and urges the platform to create a better short video platform environment by taking advantage of the mandatory features of the law,so as to better serve users and protect their legitimate rights and interests.However,since the government does not have the internal data of the platform after all,its familiarity with the internal problems of the platform is limited,so its governance has certain limitations.(2)Short video industry associations will be according to the relevant government regulation on industry rules,and through the industry organization issued a series of rules to regulate the duties and responsibilities of platform,at the same time the use of the market "invisible hand" to adjust the relationship between the platform,and use the market initiative to monitor platform of governance,but after all belong to the external supervision,thus also has certain limitation in governance.(3)As crowdsourcing actors,users are mobilized by the platform to participate in the Internet governance process,providing free user labor such as reporting and marking for the platform governance.Users according to the rules of government regulations and short video platform gives the corresponding rights become short video platform governance collaborators,main reporting,complaints and other ways to maintain their own legitimate rights and interests and to participate in the governance,but the user has the right to basically is limited by the platform to right,so in a short video platform in the process of governance role almost negligible.A platform is a non-human actor in an actor governance network.Short video industry according to the rules of government regulation on platform,through the platform of agreement and privacy policy and user’s responsibility to identify themselves,at the same time use the disclaimer platform agreement with users have reached a certain degree of purpose,but in fact the user when using platform rarely read large space platform agreement and privacy policy,and the agreement on the mutual consent of a certain degree of limitations,in addition,a short video platform using the algorithm,the review of the social video content,filter,push,ascending and sinking,current limiting,titles such as governance action set rules.However,the algorithm also brings a series of problems such as black box,filter bubble and discrimination,which damages users’ privacy,right to know and freedom of expression.Algorithm proxy short video platform business model and competitive model is the core competitiveness of the platform.When designing algorithms for short video platforms,we should not only focus on maximizing platform benefits,but also improve the transparency of algorithm production and operation.In the process of governance,the algorithm can achieve algorithm neutrality in a real sense,and the algorithm as a non-human actor can play the maximum value in the process of short video platform governance.This paper studies the short video platform governance from two aspects: human actors and non-human actors in order to provide theoretical supplement and feasible Suggestions for the short video platform governance research.This paper thinks that the algorithm governance should be open,transparent and accountable.For the negative impact of the algorithm,the responsibility of the platform and the user should be separated.In this case,the platform is not only the provider of regulation,but also the undertaker of responsibility,rather than just an intermediary transmission pipeline.The power of short video platform governance cannot be privatized,but should be developed under the framework of relevant national laws.更多还原