【作者】 金晶；

【导师】 李俊国；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 知识分子小说一直是文学界的研究热点。随着20世纪数次的社会转型,中国当代的知识分子们产生了巨大的精神危机,不少知识分子纷纷走向了精神颓废之路。北京作家宁肯注意到了这一精神文化现象并加以书写,他的五部长篇小说互相关联佐证,共同构建出知识分子从“良师”到“病人”的演变谱系,展示了上个世纪八九十年代知识分子精神不断颓废的生命史。宁肯着力于塑造“良师”和“病人”两类知识分子形象,从“良师”到“病人”,知识分子经历了身体机能由强健至病弱的裂变、精神面貌由积极到颓废的裂变。这种裂变经过祖辈、父辈、孙辈三代更迭,逐渐演变而成。宁肯始终将历史时空与现实时空并置对照,重新审视知识分子主体性与自我、与历史、与时代的关系,以灵肉的病相来书写精神的颓废,展示知识“病人”真实的、隐秘的精神世界。同时,宁肯在解构之际也不忘关怀知识分子精神主体的重建,他书写的颓废兼具撕裂的疼痛和粉碎的执着,因而文本更具有厚重感和悲剧精神。本文主要分析宁肯小说中“良师”和“病人”两类知识分子形象及人物背后的精神,在精神谱系中识别出变化特点,并以此展开分析裂变原因和写作策略,进而窥测出精神裂变现象背后的价值和启示。本文分为四个章节。第一章:“良师”与“病人”——人物形象的裂变。本章由两部分构成。第一部分从知识分子的形象图式出发,主要分析“良师”和“病人”两类人物群体的形象特点;第二部分通过对比三代人的精神特点,结合历史语境综合考察精神裂变的特征表现,主要分析当代知识分子代际贫弱的精神衰败谱系和向后撤退的精神疏离姿态。第二章:撕裂与粉碎——精神裂变的原因。本章由两部分构成。第一部分从社会学角度出发,探索人物在外部社会矛盾和内在自身矛盾夹击下的灵魂撕裂;第二部分从精神现象学角度入手,通过人物对病态与颓废的认知和处理态度阐述主人公病变的主观动机。本章不仅要展现病变所反映的苦难和悲剧,还要阐明病变所彰显的粉碎式抗争与残酷现实之间的张力,进而突显出反抗的悲剧意味。第三章:遮蔽与对照——作者的写作策略。本章由两部分构成。第一部分主要分析喻象化书写,小说中所体现出来的遮蔽效果是通过隐喻表达与象征手法来实现的;第二部分主要分析内观化叙述,瞬间审美和复式叙述形成了整体上的对照效果,呈现出人物精神状态和文本价值取向的复杂性。本章重在阐明遮蔽与对照的叙事策略共同表达了主人公完整的、真实的、复杂的心灵世界。第四章:突围与求索——文本的价值启示。本章由三部分构成。第一部分主要分析宁肯小说病态书写与颓废审美的个人化特点,揭示宁肯对知识分子精神主体的解构与建构意义,这在中国现当代文学史上是比较罕见的;第二部分主要从国际社会结构和中国特殊语境两方面着手分析,进而阐述主人公们精神危机的必然性以及灵魂救赎的可能性;第三部分主要分析作家拒绝遗忘历史的情结以及作家本人精神的反思与成长。更多还原

【Abstract】 Intellectual novels have always been a research hotspot in the literary world.With several social transformations in the 20 th century,contemporary Chinese intellectuals have a huge spiritual crisis.Many intellectuals have embarked on the road of spiritual decadence.Beijing writer Ning Ken noticed this spiritual and cultural phenomenon,then he recorded it.His five full-length novels are related to each other.Together they build an evolutionary lineage of intellectuals from “mentor” to “patient” and show the life history of the decadent intellectual spirit of the 1980 s and 1990 s.Ning Ken is committed to shaping the image of two types of intellectuals: “mentor” and “patient”.From “mentor” to “patient”,intellectuals have undergone a change in physical function from strong to weak,and a change in mental outlook from positive to decadent.This transformation gradually evolved through the three generations of grandparents,fathers and grandchildren.Ning Ken always compared historical time and space with real time and space.He reexamined the relationship between intellectual subjectivity and ego,history and time.He expressed the spirit of decadence by writing the appearance of the spirit and showed the true and secret spiritual world of “patient”.At the same time,Ning Ken did not forget to care for the reconstruction of the spiritual subject of intellectuals while deconstructing.The decadence he wrote combines tearing pain and crushing perseverance.Therefore,the text had a greater sense of weight and tragic spirit.This article mainly analyzes the two intellectual images and the spirit behind the characters in Ning Ken’s novels.We identify the changing characteristics in the spiritual lineage.We analyze the reasons for change and writing strategies,and then we find the value and inspiration behind the phenomenon of spiritual transformation.This article is divided into four chapters.Chapter 1: “Mentor” and “Patient”——Characteristic Changes.This chapter consists of two parts.The first part mainly analyzes the image characteristics of two groups of “mentor” and “patient”.By comparing the spiritual characteristics of the three generations,the second part combines the historical context to comprehensively examine the characteristics of spiritual transformation.The second part mainly analyzes the mental decline spectrum of contemporary intellectuals’ intergenerational poverty and the mental alienation gesture of retreating backward.Chapter 2: Torn and Crushed—The Reasons for the Spiritual Transformation.This chapter consists of two parts.From a sociological point of view,the first part explores the torn souls under the influence of external social contradictions and internal self-contradictions.From the perspective of spiritual phenomenology,the second part explains the subjective motives of the protagonist’s transformation through the characters’ cognition and attitude towards the disease and decadence.This chapter not only shows the suffering and tragedy reflected by transformation,but also clarifies the tension between the crushing struggle and cruel reality that transformation has shown,and thus highlights the tragic meaning of resistance.Chapter 3: Concealment and Contrast——The author’s writing strategy.This chapter consists of two parts.The first part mainly analyzes figurative writing.The concealment effect embodied in the novels is realized through metaphorical expression and symbolic techniques.The second part mainly analyzes the internalization narrative.The instantaneous aesthetic and multiple narrative form the overall contrast effect,showing the complexity of the character’s mental state and text value orientation.This chapter focuses on clarifying the narrative strategy of covering and contrasting to express the protagonist’s complete,real and complex spiritual world.Chapter 4: Breakthrough and Seeking-Value Enlightenment of Text.This chapter consists of three parts.The first part mainly analyzes the personalized characteristics of Ning Ken’s fictional writing and decadent aesthetics.It reveals the significance of Ning Ken’s deconstruction and construction of the intellectual subject.This is relatively rare in the history of modern and contemporary Chinese literature.The second part mainly analyzes from the aspects of international social structure and Chinese special context.It explains the inevitability of the protagonists’ spiritual crisis and the possibility of soul salvation.The third part mainly analyzes the writer’s refusal to forget history and his reflection and growth.更多还原