【作者】 李振；

【导师】 卢烈红；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 甲骨文、金文中有一類字是在原字上加註區別指標分化而成的,我們稱這類字為形指字。本文以甲骨文、金文中習見的“口”形區別指標為主要研究對象,重點分析一些加註“口”形區別指標形成的形指字;同時,對加註“=”形、“工”形、“(?)”形以及點形區別指標形成的分化字也做了一些分析,以加深對這種構形方式的認識。緒論部分主要對研究現狀做了介紹,同時指出區別指標不具備文字符號的性質,因此本文不取“區別符號”之稱,而取陳夢家之說,將其稱為“區別指標”,將加註區別指標的字稱為“形指字”。第一章分析了區別指標的主要作用:(一)區分同源字;(二)標記孳乳分化;(三)區分形近字;(四)簡化字形。本章還從文字學的角度對同源字做了界定:凡是在形體上有同源關係的一組字皆可稱為廣義上的同源字。同源字與同源詞的關係是交叉關係。第二章將加註區別指標分化出新字的方法置於古漢字構形發展史之中進行考察。通過分析形指字與表意字、假借字以及形聲字的關係,指出形指字是漢字發展過程中的一種特殊類型,與假借字一起承擔了承上啟下的過渡作用。形指字在古漢字發展史中應佔有一席之地。第三章指出研究區別指標和形指字時應注意的幾個問題:(一)區別指標的作用具有有限性;(二)甲骨文、金文中文字孳乳分化遵循不可逆規律;(三)形指字與指事字、區別指標與指事指標存在區別;(四)區別指標與飾筆也存在區別。第四章選取了 30個左右的常見形指字,對每個字的分化時期、具體用法以及混用等情況進行了考察。第四章的字例分析是前三章的立論基礎。全文對區別指標的性質和作用進行了深入分析,同時緊緊扣住語言與文字的關係、漢字構形與孳乳分化的關係,將加註區別指標這種構形方式置於漢字構形發展史之中進行考察。對區別指標和形指字的研究,不僅能釐清一些字的造字原理,同時能使我們深入認識古漢字孳乳分化的一些特點和規律,也有利於構建古漢字構形發展的完整脈絡。更多还原

【Abstract】 There is a category of characters in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells and inscriptions on bronzes that formed by adding distinction marks on the original characters,which is called xingzhizi.In this article,we chose shape of 口 distinction mark as our research subject,and analysed the formed by adding shape of 口distinction marks.In order to deepen our cognitions on this configuration,we gave some examples of xingzhizi formed by adding other shape of distinction marks,such as shape of=,shape of 工,shape of(?),etc.The introduction mainly summarizes the research status;at the same time,it is pointed out that the distinction mark does not have the character of symbol.Therefore,we call "distinction sign" as distinction mark",and call the word added distinction mark as "xingzhizhi".The first chapter analyzes the main functions of distinction marks:(1)distinguishing homologous words;(2)breeding and differentiating;(3)distinguishing the characters with similar shapes;(4)Simplifing the glyph.Homologous characters are defined from the perspective of character standard:a group of words with homologous relation in the form can be called homologous characters in the broad sense.Homologous characters and cognate words are intersecting relationIn second chapter,based on the analysis of the relationship between xingzhizi and ideographic character,phonetic loan character,phonogram,we pointe that xingzhizi is a special type and play a transitional role in the development of Chinese characters.The third chapter pointes out some issues that should be paid attention to when studying distinction mark.(1)The distinction mark has limited function.(2)Breeding and differentiating of inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells and inscriptions on bronzes follows an irreversible law.(3)There are differences between xingzhizi and indicative character,and between distinction mark and indication mark.(4)There are also differences between distinction mark and decorative mark.The last chapter of this paper showes the differentiation situation of some ancient chinses characters,including differentiation period,specific use,mixed use,etc.The case analysis of the fourth chapter is the theoretical basis of the first three chapters.The paper made an in-depth analysis of the nature and function of distinction mark.At the same time,it closely linked the relationship between language and characters,the relationship between Chinese character configuration and differentiation,and put the way of adding distinction mark in the context of the development of Chinese character configuration.The research on distinction mark and xingzhizi can not only clarify the principles of some Chinese characters,but also help us to understand some characteristics and rules of the differentiation of ancient Chinese characters.更多还原